83 



for the temperature eqnilibTnini to be establiidied. betweei 

 the body of an animaT of the size of a fro^ and its oivi- 

 romnent. was f onnd to be nraeh longer than previoiLsly 

 '' .':' The body tempera*"" — ~^IL be above tise 



: , ■ point when the anJTna . - : r a long trme at 



an air tem.perature of several degrees beio^ar zero. Be- 

 sides, during congelation^ the tem.peTatiire stays for a 

 snrprisingiy long time in the n ' . ' ' —' - - - - 



Himter. abont a century ag - ' -^ in- 



ternal teniperature of frog? diirfng freeing expenments 

 and gave — 0.6' as the lowest point to which they •e 



subjected without fatal results. 



Mnller (1S72> investigated the effects of freezing on 

 the frog as follow?. He placed brown grass frogs in a 

 bottle almost iilled with water ai- - - ' 



the cold. The frogs were kept :-_-.-_ __ __;_-- -i 

 the water with a stick, till solidification tcK:»fc place. There- 

 upon the bottle was kept for a further 6 hours at an air 

 tempera trire of —6" to — S.7'. The frogs rec:~-~ - " - 

 after rapid and after slow iiiawing. Ji. '•! -r 



water in the neck of the bottle froize brfore that in the 

 lower portion, the bottle burst and the frog was kxHeiiL 

 even though it !: ' ^ '" " ~ "~ ^ — - '"' ^ in the rigid 



state. The auTl ~ - -r. the animal 



has been injured internally by the aicticm of the pi-essure 

 developed by the ice. 



Koch dS-' ^-~ -- - - -- -■---t the ^;_t _ ^ :^s 



Miiller. H- _ ^ i?<i»a HriJi? sii - > 



400 ce. beakers filled with water and exposed xhem. thms 

 to air temperatures of — -t". —10' and —15". ^'~ e 



water was frozen, a hole was drilled through the -. -. .^d 

 a thermometer inserted to measure the ice temperature. 

 The frogs were killed by a 6-hour stay in iee at —6^. In 

 :• "' series of expe:-" - -- "t 



:_ .....::ion of water. ^-; ,.._ r .._.. .. - _- :. _r 



temperature of —4". They at first became very excited 

 and active, but. after one hour, even the most resistant 

 ones fell p~ - ' ' -' hard: sueh frogs 



could never 



