8() 



l)oily temporal ni"o rcaclicd a minimum of -0.5° to -0.15°. 

 Throe out of four toads were killed after a ir)5-.']02 min- 

 utes' exposure, the minimum body tompeialure having 

 1)0011-0.(55° to -5.75°. 



The same author found that, in IS out of 22 experiments, 

 llio tortoise, Tcstudo iiorspchli, could be subcooled to 

 -2.6° to -5.3° and revived. If, however, ice-formation 

 sot ill after subcooling, the organisms were killed in a 

 few minutes, even though their body temperature had not 

 dropped below - O..")" to -1.4°. When the tortoises were 

 frozen without })rovi()us subcooling, they survived rela- 

 tively long exposures, during which the minimal body 

 toniiK'raturo reached was -0.5° to -0.7°. No completely 

 frozen animal could ever be revived. 



Jecklin (1935) who investigated the cold resistance of 

 Salamandra maculosa reported tliat, when the tempera- 

 ture was lowered slowly, the animals could, without injury, 

 be subcooled to -1.7° or -2.2°; they could likewise with- 

 stand for a short time a cooling to -5.2°, even when they 

 had solidified; a temperature of -3.5°, with complete 

 rigidity, was supported for 70 minutes. The freezing 

 point of the blood was found to vary between - 0.5° and 

 -1.7°. 



8. Fishes. The numerous reports, some of them rather 

 startling, about the revival of hard frozen fishes, would 

 make one think that the popular term *'fish stories " might 

 well have originated there. Indeed \vlien the possibility 

 of reviving hard frozen fish is mentioned to fishermen, it 

 sometimes "reminds" them that they actually saw it 

 themselves. Turner (1886) saw fishes revive in quite 

 extraordinary circumstances. He reports that the Alas- 

 kan black fish, Dallia pect oralis, kept frozen in grass 

 baskets for weeks, not only is fully alive on thawing, but 

 that "the pieces thrown to ravenous dogs are eagerly 

 sw^allowed; the animal heat of the dog's stomach thaws 

 the fish out, wheroui)()ii the movements soon cause the 

 dog to vomit it up alive." (Quoted from Borodin, 1934.) 



