!)4 



llic iiiiiiinial Ixtdy IciiiixTnlurc I'caclicd li;i\-iiin' been -0.9 

 lo 1..") . 



Tlic saiiic ;uil linr i'('j)(>r1('(l t lint llic >y/o/rsr. .l//^s■ m use n I us, 

 was kilk'd when fiozcii till a body lemijcratiire of -0.9° 

 was reg'istercd, oi' wlicii sulu'oolcd lo-.S.T" 1o-7.1". (One 

 would natnrall>' expect it.) 



Murigin (1937), repeating some old experiments of 

 Horvat (ISSl), in wliieli the f/roinid-sqiurrcJ , Cifflhis 

 siislicd. could be revived after its body 1em])ei-ature was 

 lowered to -0.2°, exposed 19 Cifclliis ))i/f/Hia('us i'ov 2 to 4 

 hours in cooling chambers to temperatures of -11° to 

 -19° and found that 47% of the animals could be revived 

 after their body temjierature, measured by a thermo- 

 couple, had sunk to -0.5° and -1°. When the body tem- 

 ])erature went below - 1°, the animals died. Repeating a 

 cooling experiment on the same individual seemed to 

 result in a greater ability to resist a new lowering of 

 temperature; one specimen survived -0.5° 3 times, an- 

 other sui'vived - 1° twice. The smaller animals were more 

 resistant than the larger ones. The author compares the 

 special state of torpor which results from the lowering 

 of the temperature, to the anabiotic state; he describes 

 it as an "imaginarv anabiosis." 



Summary: 1, The invertebrates were found, in general, 

 to be killed when frozen at temperatures of a few degrees 

 or of some 10 degrees below zero. 2. The rotifers, the 

 nematodes and the tardigrades, however, resisted, in the 

 moist condition, extremely low temperatures. 3. The 

 invertebrates which su])port desiccation could be cooled 

 to the lowest available temperatures without injury. 

 4. Some insect larvae were alive, although hard fi'ozen, at 

 some 20 degrees or more below zero, but they died at lower 

 temperatures, probably under a more complete congela- 

 tion of their cellular fluids. 5. The cold-blooded verte- 

 brates died when their internal tempeiature dropped a 

 few degrees below zero. They could su])|)ort the forma- 

 tion of some ice in their body. 6. Sub-cooling is not in- 



