In 1812, I. P. Kamenskiy, Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Forensic 

 Medicine at the Kazan University, lectured on "The physical rearing of children 

 and its influence on their mental and moral state" and was subsequently exiled 

 as a free-thinker. In this lecture, he discussed the physical rearing of children 

 as the science of "preserving their good health and eliminating whatever in- 

 fluences may have a harmful eff'ect upon it." He subsequently considered the 

 eflfects of temperature, food, drink, movement, "mental exercise," and emotions 

 on the child, and on the basis of this developed the doctrine of hygiene and 

 medical care of children. 



Kamenskiy ascribes an extremely great importance to emotions, both 

 pleasant (prolonging life) and unpleasant (shortening it), in the proper up- 

 bringing of children and longevity. Pleasant passions (joy, hope, love, compe- 

 tition) give rise to "unpleasant stimulation of the nervous, vascular, and mus- 

 cular systems; good composition and volume of blood; a favorable physiology 

 and good spirits. Unpleasant passions act in the opposite way." Among the 

 unpleasant passions Kamenskiy lists fear, grief, anger, hatred, envy, and 

 jealousy. 



There is an evident similarity between the views of I. P. Kamenskiy and 

 those of A. N. Radishchev on the rearing of children. 



L. O. Vanotti, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Kharkov Univer- 

 sity, lectured in 1818 on the significance of public health in human longevity. 

 The lecture was entitled "The probable curability of almost all diseases." In 

 it, he points out that "a long and healthy life is, beyond a doubt, the most neces- 

 sary and desired of the gifts for which we pray to our most gracious Providence. 

 But there are so few who are granted this highest boon, as we learn from our 

 everyday experience of the usual mortality rate among human beings." Vanotti 

 advanced a view that anticipated by a half century a similar statement advanced 

 by I. I. Mechnikov: "Life is always too short to attain the goals set for it by 

 nature; it is interrupted violently by illnesses. . . . Extreme old age is very often 

 nothing other than a prolonged and incurable disease." 



In his lecture, Vanotti stressed the qualitative peculiarities of the organism 

 at various stages of its chronological development: "There are changes not only 

 in the organism's external appearance but also in its entire internal structure, 

 even in its very essence, with the continuous formation of new organs of strength 

 and action in it, Avhich progressively develop and again disappear, so that at 

 different periods of life it presents an entirely different appearance to the super- 

 ficial observer." 



In particular, Vanotti stressed the possibility of artificial strengthening of 

 the regeneration phenomena in the organism, and hence of a complete restora- 

 tion of health after any illness. He further emphasized the fact that "all dis- 

 eases are curable, and only the physician's lack of knowledge of the cause is at 

 fault if patients die." 



In 1833, there was issued from the press a large book by Parfeniy 

 Yengalychev entitled "Prolongation of human life. Means of attaining a 

 healthy and happy advanced old age, of protecting the health by suitable 

 measures, and of making use of the medicaments that are to be found almost 



