1885.] /iV THE VICINITY OF CARLISLE. 301 



Canadian larch, Larix Americana, transplanted March 1882, now 

 1 3 feet high, and 1 yard in spread ; a host of other young conifers, 

 as a Picca amahilis with cones, and a young Wellingtonia showing 

 vigorous growth. Before Mr. Baty's house flourishes a Turkey oak 

 (Querciis cerris) planted in 182G, exactly the age of Sir Frederick 

 Graham, and now 65 feet high. After proffering to Sir Frederick 

 Graham, Bart., lord of the manor, our grateful thanks for his kind 

 permission in allowing the visit, and to Mr. Baty for his guidance 

 and parting hospitality, we sped on our way for Carlisle. The even- 

 ing hour of travel was diversified by discussions on forestal economics, 

 and overtures on the driver's horn, which for the nonce made more 

 than a hundred cattle, erst peacefully browsing in the pastures on 

 both sides of the road, earnest followers in the path of the arbori- 

 culturists. ISTetherby estate is bounded on either side by main, 

 trunk railway lines, using the wood for their own purposes, and 

 conveying it to the great mining and manufacturing centres of the 

 vicinity. Further, the bobbin factory at Longtown, in the centre of 

 the estate, takes from 10,000 to 16,000 cubic feet of inferior wood 

 yearly, no small outlet for bye-products. Markets, transport, and 

 easy disposal of small wood were considered to be essential factors 

 in successful wood-growing. All must be united in the same 

 locality. A wood warden of a Cumberland estate, on which the 

 main trees were oak, ash, and elm, could not get quit of his 

 subsidiary wood ; hence no profit was shown in his estate book. 

 Another found his woods profitable, though situated in an upland 

 Xorthumberland district, where the agricultural value of the land 

 was only 2s. 6d. per acre ; but then their railways and collieries 

 were near at hand. The value of such annual thinnings as 

 hop-poles in the south, statedly made woods give, according to 

 another representative, so much as £10 to £ 1 7 per acre yearly. 

 Might not Sir John Lubbock's Forestal Committee, which has only 

 suspended its sittings, work up these forestal statistics for the 

 common progress of British forestry ? Only Indian evidence has 

 as yet been led at it. 



The arborists met at Knowefield Nurseries, situated on a bluff 

 of the river Eden opposite to Carlisle Castle, early on Thursday 

 morning ; and were entertained to breakfast by Mr. James Watt, of 

 Messrs. Little & Ballantyne. Here were shown the nucleus of this 

 firm's great reafforestation work now under Government recognition 

 in the Isle of Man and elsewhere. The company congratulated 

 themselves on having Dr. Cleghorn as their spokesman. For the 

 worthy host compassed the bearings of forestry on restoring national 

 weal in his after remarks, and backed these by a powerful letter 

 from Dr. Lyons, M.P., whose Parliamentary endeavours in our good 



