1885.] TIIE IXDTAX FOREST SmVKY. 437 



rnanagement adopted by the Forest Department comprises not only 

 protection against the illicit felling of trees and removal of produce, 

 but also works of regeneration, such as planting and sowing, the 

 making of export roads, inspection paths and timber slides, the 

 cutting of climbers, protection against fire, and the sul)division of 

 the forest into blocks and compartments with a view to ai ranging 

 methodical plans of working. The damage done by fires in the 

 Indian forests is enormous, and to control those which may break 

 out, either within the boundary or on adjoining properties, a system 

 of cleared lines is carried round and through the most valuable 

 portions of forest, so that any block which becomes ignited may be 

 isolated from the rest of the area. To enable a rational plan of 

 working to be drawn np, so that the forest is secured against 

 gradual extinction by the removal of more wood than can be 

 replaced by the annual growtli of the trees and by planting or 

 sowing to replace those which are cut down, an enumeration of the 

 trees, either over the whole forest or over representative areas of it, 

 must be made. Such a '■' working-plan," or scheme of management, 

 is essential for all forests. Trees cannot be dealt with like a crop 

 of annuals which is sown and reaped in a single year ; the age at 

 wliich the most valuable timber trees are most profitably cut extends 

 over several generations of men, and unless the principles of manage- 

 ment are such as will conduce to the desired end, and unless con- 

 tinuity of aim and action can be maintained, failure is certain to 

 follow. In order to guide and regulate the work of all kinds to be 

 done in the forest, and to form the basis for a budget estimate, an 

 annual plan of t>perations must Ije drawn out in which the work to 

 be done in various localities is specified and the lengths or areas 

 are stated. The record of the rights of private persons or village 

 communities within the forest must specify the parts of it in which 

 each right can be exercised, while the roads or paths that may be 

 used to lead cattle to certain springs of water, and the like infor- 

 mation, must be clearly laid down. The boundaries and positions 

 of all boundary marks must be recorded, so that further encroach- 

 ments on the forest may be rendered impossible. Lastly, a careful 

 record of all operations and of their results must be kept for future 

 guidance. All this manifestly necessitates the provision of maps 

 capable of showing a considerable amount of detail. 



The Imperial Survey Department undertakes the preparation of 

 maps on scales varying from 2 in. to IG in. = 1 mile of lands wliich 

 are assessed and which pay revenue, the rest of the country being 

 surveyed by the Topographical Branch on the scale of 1 in. = 1 mile. 

 A\''aste lands, or forests of comparatively small extent, lying enclosed 

 within the assessed lauds, are usually represented in the maps of 



2 F 



