1886.] PASTURE IN It ELATION TO FORESTS. G35 



But there is a larcje class of the choice ornamental coniferse 

 belonging to the genera Cuprcssus, Thuja, Juniper, and lldinospora , 

 which are Ijenefited by annual pruning. They have all a greater or 

 less tendency to form a multiplicity of leading shoots, which gene- 

 rally in the long run leads to their becoming ill-balanced and 

 irregular in shape, and made up of many weak stems that are liable 

 to break away under pressure of wind, heavy rain, or snow. With- 

 out annual pruning, also, many are apt to become thin and bare 

 below. The most important point in dealing with this class is to 

 sec first that only one leader is permitted, that is, in all which have 

 an upright pyramid form. The lateral branches should then be fore- 

 shortened with the knife or the finger and tliunib, so as to balance 

 the plant in an even and symmetrical way in strict harmony with 

 its natural habit, but on no account so as to suggest the idea of 

 their having been gone over with the hedge shears. In all species 

 having a tendency to develop their greatest luxuriance at the top ot 

 in their upper branches, the pruning should be directed so as to 

 counteract that tendency, always foreshortening the most luxuriant 

 branches. The principle applies equally to those species with squat 

 or rounded forms. They will be improved by occasional shortening 

 of the slioots in a generg,! way all over, but especially with the view 

 of preventing their getting bare and unfurnished below. 



The best time to do such pruning is in spring, but it may be done 

 any time during the season of growth without detriment. 



A. X. E. 



PASTURE IN RELATION TO FORESTS, WITH SPECIAL 

 REFERENCE TO UPPER HUKCARY. 



BY FORSTDIRECTOR BEAUREGARD. 



Translated for Forestry from the CentralhlcUt fiir das gesaramte 



Forst'wesen. 



IT is the task of every forest manager in the forests entrusted to him 

 to strive to have the woods as regular and normal as possible, 

 or at least to approach such a condition of things. It is his task to 

 make the best use of the soil in his charge by the raising of fully 

 timbered woods, and by close conservation and zealous cultivation 

 to further and accomplish the reproduction of close young woods. 



In such regularly stocked and normally treated forests there 

 ought, strictly speaking, to be nothing at all to say about pasture. 

 All ripe or nearly mature woods should have the ground underneath 



