396 THE GARDENER. [Sept. 



suited for the tree, is the root and origin of this evil as well as canker. 

 And did the fact never strike the cultivator, that where the one was 

 present the other is seldom if ever absent? The fact is, in all our experi- 

 ence, and that of several other gardeners to whom we have spoken upon 

 the subject, the one is the handmaid of the other. If this be the 

 fact, and there is little doubt of it, what will be a cure for the one will 

 also be a cure for the other. It matters not how much two diseases 

 may be at variance in their general aspects ; if to the same causes the 

 two are to be attributed, then the same means will be sure to cure 

 both. To cure any disease, or to counteract any effect, we must 

 work in direct antagonism to the causing force or power. The first 

 duty, therefore, of the cultivator, is to have recourse to thorough 

 drainage, so that no superabundance of moisture may lodge about the 

 roots. Thereafter let him raise and examine his trees in the manner 

 already directed in a former paper, having them thereafter replanted 

 in soil more congenial to their wellbeing ; after which, let all the 

 Lichens be thoroughly scraped off with a blunt-edged instrument of 

 some sort, or, what is better, on a wet day or dewy morning in winter, 

 when the tree is at rest and devoid of leaves, let a quantity of lime 

 (quicklime) be procured, which may be thrown with a shovel up 

 through the tree until a thorough coating be obtained all over, and the 

 result will be that in a short space of time all the Lichens will be re- 

 moved from the trees. This is the more speedy way of getting clear 

 of the enemy, but it is not absolutely necessary, for as a rule the fresh 

 vigour which will be thrown into the tree by root-pruning, &c., will 

 have the effect of throwing off the old bark as well as the Lichens. 

 There are various other Lichens and Mosses which attack fruit-trees, 

 but the one already described is the most formidable and best known. 

 I have therefore selected it for illustration, but may add that the cause 

 and cure in every case are exactly the same. 



I have dwelt at much greater length upon this portion of my subject 

 than at first I had anticipated ; my reason for doing so is, that it is a point 

 in fruit cultivation which has received little attention, and, so far as I 

 am aware, has never been discussed by any of our horticultural writers. 

 Having thus disposed of the diseases to which the Apple is subject 

 in this country, I would now draw the attention of the reader to some 

 of the more formidable of the insect enemies with which we have to 

 contend. First of all we would notice the American blight, or woolly 

 bug, as it is commonly called. Various entomologists have given it 

 various appellations, but it is generally known to scientific students 

 as Aphis lanigera, which is the name given it by Linnaeus, the 

 Swedish botanist. Its common name would indicate that it was an im- 

 portation from America, but this is universally denied by all American 



