EDITORIAL. 307 



horticultural products, and fruit selling. E. J. Kraus, of the Oregon 

 Station, reported on the horticultural organization in the Pacific 

 Coast Xorthwest, orchard economics, the relation of soil moisture to 

 fruit production, and pollination in pomaceous and drupaceous 

 fruits. U. P. Hedrick, of the New York State Station, took for his 

 subjects fertilizers for fruits, the soil treatment of orchards, stocks 

 for fruit trees, orchard ecology, and fruit breeding from the horticul- 

 turist's standpoint. 



In the course in inniuinity and disease resistance, an attempt was 

 made to bring the students of plant and animal diseases together 

 to consider some of the general principles underlying this subject 

 and to compare the relative advances made on its plant and animal 

 sides. V. A. Moore, director of the New York State Veterinary 

 College, of Cornell University, reported upon the phenomena of 

 infection and variations in the manifestation of specific diseases, 

 immunity and vaccination, and vaccine therapy. Prof. J. W. Con- 

 naway. of tlie University of ^lissouri. gave five lectures on immunity 

 and disease resistance in animals. Prof. G. M. Reed, also of Missouri, 

 discussed the influence of external factors on immunity and sus- 

 ceptibility, biologic forms in powdery mildews and rusts, and bridg- 

 ing sjjecies. Prof. L. K. Jones, of the University of Wisconsin, dis- 

 cussed problems of immunity and morphological characters of the 

 hosts, theories of immunit}', and their possible application, and W. 

 A. Orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the evolution of disease 

 resistance and practical results obtained from a study of the disease 

 resistance factor in general plant breeding. 



Taking advantage of the presence in this country of Geheimrat 

 Eegierungsrat Dr. Otto Appel of the Imperial Biological Institute 

 at Dahlem, Berlin. Germany, the School was favored with two lec- 

 tures by him, presenting results of the latest investigations on dis- 

 eases of potatoes and cereals, and discussing the control of disease 

 through seed certification. Director Moore also, by special request, 

 gave a lecture on bovine tuberculosis, its nature, symptoms, and 

 relation to man. 



As at previous sessions, there was general interest in the course 

 on rural economics. Prof, T. X. Carver, of Harvard University and 

 the Eural Organization Service of this Department, under the gen- 

 eral head of Organization of Rural Interests discussed marketing 

 and purchasing, rural finance and accounting, communication, educa- 

 tion, sanitation, recreation, and beautification. President K. L. But- 

 terfield, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, took up rural 

 institutions and the community idea and plan, community relation- 

 ships, and rural leadership, and Prof. S. D. Gromer, of the University 

 of Missouri, the problem of rural tenancy. Along the lines of farm 

 management, E. H. Thompson, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, 

 57707°— No. 4—14 2 



