388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



Gsndhts. Ingen., 37 (1914), No. 7, p. 127).— The authors deal with lighting by 

 coal, gas, electricity, gasoline, blau gas, water gas, acetylene, petroleum, and 

 petroleum and alcohol incandescent lamps. The book is written for both the 

 engineer and layman. 



General discussion on conveniences in the home and on the farm, N. 

 MoNTEiTH {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 34 {1912), pp. 79, 80). — 

 Some general data are brought together. 



EURAL ECONOMICS. 



Factors of efficiency in farming, W. J. Spuxman ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 

 1913, pp. 93-108). — The author maintains that on farms that combine a large 

 number of the following factors in production, the profits are greater than on 

 those which are efficient in only a few : The size of the business, whether meas- 

 ured by area of laud farmed, amount of working capital employed, or number 

 of days of productive labor determines the size of the income. The system of 

 management of the various factors of protluction should be such that there is 

 no lost motion or useless work. The enterprises conducted should be adaptable 

 to the local soil and climate, and also to the existing economic conditions. 

 There must be an adequate income both per acre and per animal or the one may 

 offset the other. 



Data illustrating these yarious factors are presented and discussed. 



Eeorg'anizing the farm, J. M. Johnston (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 {1914), 

 No. 1, pp. 61-65). — The author by using census data computes for four counties 

 the average size and area in crops and unimproved land per farm, as well as 

 the average acreage croi>ped per work horse, and the number of days of horse 

 labor per year. By a more extensive use of land already in farms and the 

 working of the horses a greater number of days, the author estimates that the 

 farmer's income could be greatly increased with only a small additional 

 investment. 



The organization of rural interests, T. N. Carver {U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- 

 loolc 1913, pp. 239-258, figs. 8). — The author points out that the improved 

 means of transportation, mechanical inventions, the passing away of common 

 local interests, and the public land policy have tended toward a disorganization 

 of the rural communities. Efforts at reorganization through mutual insurance 

 companies, cooperative creameries and cheese factories, and cooperative ele- 

 vators are graphically illustrated. It is maintained that the various scattered 

 movements should be brought together by a permanent body, such as the Rural 

 Organization Service. Organization is deemed especially essential in marketing 

 operations, the development of credit facilities, and the protection of the farm 

 home against disease. The method of procedure and principles to be observed 

 are briefly discussed. In cooperative enterprises an accurate system of account 

 keeping and auditing, and a desire to eliminate waste and inefficiency, must be 

 maintained. Organization for marketing purposes calls for the improvement 

 and standardizing of the products and the acquainting the consumer with the 

 goods by a system of labeling. Some of the disadvantages of unnecessary credit 

 to the farmer are pointed out, and it is stated that the function of the coopera- 

 tive credit organization should be to furnish it only where it can be used to 

 advantage. 



An experiment in marketing under territorial auspices, E. V. Wilcox and 

 A. T. LoNGLEY {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 45 {1914), PP- ^).— The territorial 

 marketing division established under the supervision of the station (E. S. R.,30, 

 p. 600) is now handling about 150 shipments of farm products per month. It 

 issues weekly lists of prices and of buyers and sellers of pure-bred stock and of 



