RURAL ECONOMICS. 489 



necessary to allow ample space for cattle to lie down and rest. . . . Two linear 

 feet of trough space should be provided for each average-sized animal." 



If more than a carload of cattle are to be fed it is considered advisable to 

 have the feed passage in the center of the barn, while for carload lots or less, 

 the feed passage may be placed at one side, and the entire number of cattle 

 allowed to run together. In the management of breeding cattle the barns may 

 be made with or without stalls. 



The best type of implement shed for Texas farms, B. Youngblood (Texas 

 Sta. Circ. Jf, n. set: (1914), pp. 8, figs. 3). — This circular, based upon farm ex- 

 perience and observations on the care or neglect of implements on a great 

 number of farms in the Southwest, gives plans and bills of material for imple- 

 ment sheds. " The intention is to embody in these plans some of the best ideas 

 extant among the farmers of the State with those of a competent architect so 

 that the sheds will not only prove satisfactoi'y in point of construction, but 

 will stand as long as the materials of which they are constructed may last." 

 The special implement shed built to itself appears to be the most desirable type. 



The Tennessee wooden-hoop silo, C. A. Willson (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 105 

 (1914), pp. 109-119, figs. 5). — The planning and construction of the wooden-hoop 

 silo is Illustrated and described. It is stated that this type of silo may be con- 

 structed at a cost of from $60 to $100, and will last from 8 to 12 years when 

 well constructed of good material. 



Silo facts, A. J. Reed (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 1 (1913), pp. 8, figs. 6). — 

 This circular briefly states important facts to be considered in the construction 

 and filling of silos. 



The disposal of creamery refuse, A. P. Wilson (Dept. Agr. and Tech. 

 Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 241-251). — Disposal of creamery refuse 

 by irrigation or by septic tank treatment and filtration is di.scussed. 



It is concluded that to discharge safely an effluent into a stream, it must 

 not contain more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and at 65° F. 

 must not take up more than 2 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in five days. 

 " If the dilution, while not falling below 150 volumes, does not exceed 300, the 

 dissolved oxygen absorption test may be omitted, and the standard for sus- 

 l>ended solids fixed at 6 parts per 100,000. ... If the dilution, while not falling 

 below 300 volumes, does not exceed 500, the standard for suspended solids may 

 be further relaxed to 15 parts per 100,000. . . . With a dilution of over 500 

 volumes all tests might be dispensed with, and crude sewage discharged." 



Sewage disposal in the Tropics, E. Weissenboen (Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropen- 

 Hyg., n (1913), Beiheft 3, pp. 41, figs. 20).— The author discusses methods of 

 sanitation, particularly sewage disposal, such as are practiced in some tropical 

 localities, both municipal and rural, and describes additional sanitary measures 

 which he considers applicable. 



Firing house heating boilers for testing, E. R. Pierce (Dam. Engin., 67 

 (1914), A^o. 1, pp. 2, 3, figs. 1). — The author discusses the practical benefits of 

 testing a residential heating system to determine its economic operation, re- 

 ferring particularly to the proper use of the chimney check. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Agricultural surveys, G. F. Warben (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 344 (1914), 

 pp. 419-433). — The author maintains that the primary object of agricultural 

 surveys is to find out all the facts possible by studying actual conditions in 

 the field. A survey should be limited to one problem only. He discusses the 



