DISEASES OF PLANTS, 545 



Different treatments were given vines, and it was found that liquid fungicides 

 containing 2 l^g. of copper sulphate to 1 of lime or carbonate of soda were suf- 

 ficient in 1913, as in 1912, to protect completely both the leaves and the grapes. 

 Powdered fungicides containing copper may be successfully used, but in most 

 cases it was found advisable to supplement these treatments with liquid appli- 

 cations. The efficiency of the treatment was greatest the more nearly it was 

 applied at the time of susceptibility and the nearer to rains accompanied by 

 conditions for infection. There was found to be little choice in the use of 

 fungicides whether they were acid or basic, and pronounced basic solutions 

 gave very efficient results. 



In conclusion the author states that if the fungicide is well made, abundantly 

 applied, and followed by the use of a powder, it is possible to protect vines 

 against mildew for 15 days after each application. 



A preliminary report on raspberry curl or yellows, L. E. Melchers (Ohio 

 Nat., U (1914), Xo. 6, pp. 281-288, figs. 5).— This disease is said to be one of 

 the most serious to which the raspberry is subject. It has been attributed to 

 various causes, but it is considered by the author as identical with that de- 

 scribed by Detmers (E. S. R., 3, p. 411). where the disease is attributed to 

 bacteria. The raspberry curl is said to occur mainly on Cuthbert, Marlboro, 

 Golden Queen, Early King, and Herbert, the varieties being susceptible in the 

 order named. It generally makes its appearance the second year after planting, 

 although sometimes not until the third year does it become suflBciently abundant 

 to attract attention. After it becomes established in a plant it reappears to a 

 greater or less extent as long as that plant lives. One of thie more striking 

 symptoms of the disea.se is said to be the stunted appearance of the plant. The 

 canes are short and bushy, the plants flower prematurely, the leaf blades are 

 arched upward, and the berries mature from ten days to two weeks earlier than 

 the normal crop. Where berries are ripened they are small, deformed, lighf 

 in color, and have a disagreeable flavor. 



For the control of this disease the author recommends planting of red rasp- 

 berries from regions where the raspberry curl is not known to be present and 

 the growing of varieties which are not known to be especially subject to the 

 disease. The plants should be set in rather light or medium heavy soil pro- 

 vided with adequate drainage and well manured in order to produce vigorous 

 growth. All plants showing the presence of the disease should be removed 

 and destroyed. 



American gooseberry mildew, F. J. Chittenden (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 

 [London], 39 {1913), No. 2, pp. 373-378).— The progress of ^pJicerotheca mors- 

 uv(c attacking gooseberries at Wisley since 1910 is noted in connection with 

 measures for its control. Pruning was successful in 1911, but not in 1912. 

 Spraying with potassium sulphid in 1913 did not check the disease very effec- 

 tively, but did cause a considerable loss of foliage in some cases. No variety 

 seemed to escape the disease completely. 



Observations on the perithecial stage of the American gooseberry mildew, 

 E. S. Salmon (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 187-193, figs. 

 11). — The author has reported some observations on the winter stages of the 

 gooseberry mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uvw). 



In 1913 the winter stage was found to be developing as early as May 26, and 

 by June 6 the perithecia were found In abundance. This indicated that the 

 winter stage may be formed almost at the beginning of an attack, the process 

 of inoculation, incubation, and development of both summer and winter stages 

 occupying only 11 days. Specimens of the w'nter stage exposed on the bush 

 throughout the winter did not in February show any mature asci in the 

 perithecia. 



