ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653 



about October 1. About 30 days are passed in the pupal stage. In sum- 

 marizing tbe life cycle, it is stated that larvpe hatching from the eggs de- 

 posited in June or July of one year develop into adults during the same mouths 

 two years later, thus making the generation biennial. 



This moth is apparently little subject to the attack of either parasitic or 

 predaceous enemies. The attack of pine by Dendrocionus monticolw in the 

 Clearwater country is said to be nearly always fatal to the pitch moth since the 

 former kills the trees almost immediately, and without the flow of sap the 

 larvae of the moth can not survive. 



While lodgepole pine is numerically the principal species of tree in the region 

 and, with the rare exception of the yellow pine, is the sijecies subject to attack 

 by the pitch moth, this moth attacks almost all kinds of conifers in other locali- 

 ties within its range. The infested trees are readily located by the never-absent 

 pitch exudation over the tunnel of the larva. They are attacked at the extreme 

 base, and the exuding pitch flows out from the tree not infrequently a distance 

 of 10 or 12 in. upon the humus which covers the ground. 



The larva begins its mine in a crevice in the bark where the egg was de- 

 posited, then proceeds thi-ough the outer layers until it reaches the cambium. 

 Close to the wood it begins to construct a transverse mine running in both 

 directions from where it entered. It widens this tunnel at the center, thereby 

 causing the appearance of a central chamber. In small trees the mine is always 

 practically straight across the grain of the wood. A count made of the annual 

 rings and measm-ements on a tree which was considered to be a fair example 

 of the general injury in the area brought out the fact that during the first 41 

 years of its life and normal health it added annually about i in. to its diam- 

 eter, while it added only about h in. annually during the 23 years it had been 

 infested by the pitch moth. 



The author finds that the peculiar results of the work of this pest are the 

 chief and primary contributing cause of the frequency and possibly continuity 

 of fire damage to forest growth in this area. There is said to be only one way 

 to reduce the insect and that is to destroy it while in its larval stage. By 

 September 1 all of the eggs which have not been lost have hatched, and the 

 young larvae have attained a size sufficient so that they can be seen and de- 

 stroyed. Killing the larvae outright or hand picking is said to be the only 

 method of reducing the number of this pest. 



The peach tip moth, W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Qaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 {19 H), No. 

 5, pp. 41s, -'il-'i, pis. S). — This article relates to an undetermined tortricid, the 

 larvae of which were first observed four or five years ago in the vicinity of Syd- 

 ney. It burrows into the side of the tips and by eating its way downward 

 causes the terminal leaves of peach and nectarine trees to die back and the 

 top of the injured twigs to gum. " Later on in the season it was found that a 

 large percentage of the fruit was marked with several blotches, covered with ex- 

 uding gum, under which some insect had gnawed through the skin. . . . The 

 damage done to the surface of the fruit is more serious than that to the twigs, 

 for it causes large scar^ to form before the fruit is ripe." The insects also bore 

 distinct circular holes and gnaw irregular tuunels through the tissue of quinces 

 and apples, bnt do not work into the center for the core like the codling moth. 



Experiments in the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure, F. C. Cook, 

 R. H. Hutchison, and F. M. Scales {U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 118 (1914), pp. 26, 

 pis. 4)- — This bulletin presents the results of experiments carried on at Arling- 

 ton, Va., and Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., by the Bureaus of Entomology, 

 Chemistry, and Plant Industry of this Department working in cooperation. 



