KURAL ENGINEERING. 



889 



0.5 to 0.04, being greater as slope, discharge, and fineness were less. With con- 

 stant slope the capacity varied with the 3.2 power of velocity, with constant 

 discharge it varied with the 4.0 power of velocity, and with constant depth 

 with the 3.7 power of velocity. 



In general, debris composed of particles of a single size moved less freely 

 than debris containing particles of many sizes. The load, including that car- 

 ried in suspension and that dragged along the bed, increased the energy by 

 adding its mass to that of the water, and decreased it by restricting the 

 mobility of the water and by the work required in transportation. 



Capacities were notably larger for flume transportation than for stream 

 transportation and increased for rolling particles with coarseness and for leap- 

 ing particles with fineness. Capacities also increased with slope, and usually 

 with discharge, but were reduced by roughness of bed. 



The position of the level of maximum velocity was higher in loaded streams 

 as the load was greater, and higher in unloaded streams as the slope was 

 steeper, the discharge greater, and the bed rougher. 



The constant of the Pitot velocity gage (the ratio between the head realized 

 and the theoretical velocity head) was found to be not the same in all parts 

 of a conduit, being less near the water surface and greater near the bottom 

 or side. 



Subirrigation and drainage for golf greens (Engin. Neivs, 72 (1914), No. 4, 

 pp. 199, 200, figs. 3). — A system is described and illustrated. 



Drainage of Shoshone irrigation project, D. W. Murphy {Engin. Rec, 69 

 (1914), No. 23, pp. 634-636, figs. 6).— This article describes the construction of 

 a system of closed and open drains which was made necessary by the rising 

 water table and the rapidly increasing area of water-logged soil. Cost data 

 on excavation with the dragline scraper and the ditch excavator are also given. 



Reclamation of alkali lands, F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant 

 Indus., Work Truckee-Carson Expt. Farm 1913, pp. 11-14, fiO- 1)- — The porosity 

 of soils made impervious to water by an excess of alkali salts was greatly in- 

 creased by treatment with either gypsum or quicklime. Gypsum is concluded 

 to be the more desirable of the two. 



For the reclamation of alkali soils a drainage system of redwood 2,620 ft. 

 long was constructed, at an average depth of 4^ to 5 ft. The drainage water is 

 pumped from a sump by a 3-in. centrifugal pump, discharging slightly over i cu. 

 ft. of water per second, and operated by an electric motor. It was found that 

 each watt of electricity used pumped 1.195 second-feet of water. 



The total alkali salts removed by the drainage system is shown in the fol- 

 lowing table: 



Quantity of electricity used and of icater and total salts pumped hy the drain- 

 age system of the Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm in 1913. 



Month. 



Electricity 



Water pumped. 



Average 



salts. 



Palts 

 pumped. 



January . . . 

 February . . 



March 



April 



May 



June 



July 



August 



September . 

 October . . . 

 November . 

 December . , 



Kilowatts. 

 18 

 26 

 60 

 100 

 125 

 66 

 38 

 28 

 34 

 30 

 24 

 29 



Total. 



CuUcfeet. 

 21,510 

 31,070 

 71,700 

 119,500 

 149,375 

 78,870 

 45, 410 

 33,460 

 40,630 

 35,850 

 28, 680 

 34, 655 



690, 710 



Pounds. 



1,344,375 



1,941,875 



4,481,250 



7. 468, 750 



9,335,937 



4,929,375 



2,838,125 



2,091,250 



2, 539, 375 



2, 240, 625 



1,792,500 



2,165,937 



43,169,374 



Per cent. 

 0. 250 

 .2r.9 

 .232 

 .285 

 .323 

 .296 

 .247 

 .196 

 .184 

 .179 

 .187 

 .183 



Pounds. 



3,361 



4,G41 



10,397 



21,286 



30, 155 



14, 591 



7,010 



4,099 



4,672 



4,011 



3,352 



3,963 



111,538 



