List of Illustrations xxiii 



Plate 



Close-up of low-hanging hemlock boughs showing their provi- 

 sion of winter protection. 



16. (Upper left). Some of the broad-leaved evergreens may sub- 

 stitute for the conifers in furnishing winter shelter close to the 

 ground. (Upper right). The hard pines are the predominant 

 conifers in much of the Appalachian range. (Lower). Spruces 

 furnish most of the winter shelter in the northernmost range. 



17. (Upper). An old white pine has established the makings of a 

 stand of sohd pine around it. (Lower left). A view of the nortli 

 end of the Connecticut Hill area, showing how natural plant 

 succession of hardwoods with scattered conifers is gradually 

 changing the open fields, first to brush overgrown land, ulti- 

 mately to forest. ( Lower right ) . Among the factors that influence 

 plant succession is the nearness to an existing woodland or 

 hedgerow. 



18. (Upper left). Hen grouse on nest at base of a large beech. 

 (Upper right). A successful nest showing the characteristic 

 appearance of hatched eggs. (Lower left). Grouse incubating 

 on nest at base of stump. (Lower right). Mother grouse brood- 

 ing her chicks. 



19. (Upper). A single grouse meal. Crop contents of a female 

 grouse from Sulhvan County, Pennsylvania, December 13, 1940. 

 (Lower). A grouse with a full crop, skinned out to show the 

 immense capacity of this organ when fully distended. 



20. (Upper left). Ferns, especially the woods fern, the fronds of 

 which are eaten mostly from autumn to mid-spring. (Upper 

 right). Sedges (Carex) are used from spring to fall. (Lower 

 left). Important among winter foods of grouse are tree buds. 

 (Lower right). Sheep sorrel (upper plant), a small field weed. 

 The Canada mayflower (lower plant), a plant of the woodland 

 floor. 



21. (Upper left). Brambles. (Upper right). Blueberries. (Lower). 

 The partridgeberry provides food all year round. 



22. (Upper). Acorns. (Lower left). Cherries. (Lower right). The 

 dogwoods. 



23. (Upper left). The mapleleaf viburnum. (Upper right). The 

 sawbrier. (Lower left). Flowering dogwood. (Lower right). 

 Red osier. 



24. (Upper left). Old apple orchards furnish excellent feeding 

 cover all year. (Upper right). Wild apples near pine clumps are 

 a perfect combination in autumn. (Lower left). The beech 

 furnishes a preferred food when it has a nut crop. (Lower 

 right). The sumacs are an important source of winter food. 

 (R. typhina shown in center). 



