List of Illustrations xxv 



Plate 



37. Ploughing and cultivation of crop fields prevent woody cover 

 from expanding, and at the same time maintain the valuable 

 woodland edges next to the fields. 



38. ( Upper) . Man's interest in managing the land to produce grouse 

 is often directly affected by what he does or does not do to 

 control other animals, such as deer. (Lower). Damage to white 

 pine seedling from deer browsing. 



39. (Upper). Overcutting destroys shelter, eliminates much of the 

 interspersion of types, and prevents high quahty regeneration 

 by eroding the forest floor. (Lower). Woods roads break up the 

 cover, make valuable edges, feeding lanes, and, in summer, dust- 

 ing and sunning spots. 



40. (Upper). Seed stock refuges as a medium of hunting control 

 are of httle value in grouse management except in the most in- 

 tensely shot areas. ( Lower ) . The woodcock, shown on its nest, 

 is one of the more important game birds commonly sharing 

 range with the ruffed grouse. 



41. (Upper). Protection from grazing is one of the first essentials 

 of woodland management, whether for game or timber. ( Lower 

 left). Overgrazing in a woodland not only prevents plant re- 

 production, but has a detrimental effect on the soil itself. 

 (Lower right). Fire in woodlands may destroy grouse cover 

 almost completely for a period. 



42. (Upper). Farm woodlands that have been heavily grazed by 

 cattle can often be interplanted successfully. ( Lower left ) . Nor- 

 way spruce interplanted in a woodland glade. (Lower right). 

 An old field partially taken over by naturally-seeded white pine. 

 Interplanting of other species could well be done here. 



43. (Upper). Brush piles made from the waste tops and branches 

 of cuttings serve well as temporary winter shelter. (Lower). The 

 margin of the woodland lane is a good place to improve food 

 conditions. 



44. (Upper). Interplanting of white pine in an area of cut-over 

 hardwoods improves the shelter value. (Lower left). Shrub 

 border of silky dogwood planted along a woodland edge. (Lower 

 right). Shrub borders along the woodland edge may be devel- 

 oped by cutting out tree species and favoring the shrubs in the 

 woods margin. 



45. (Upper). A quarter-acre clearing just after cutting shows 

 stumps, and sunshine reaching the ground. (Lower). Same after 

 two years, showing thicket development of shrubs, and tree 

 sprouts and seedfings. 



46. (Upper). Aerial view of a Connecticut Hill woodland showing 

 both unit and lane cuttings. (Lower left). Close-up of a one- 

 acre clear-cutting grown to briers, elderberry and other shrubs 



