Food and Water 143 



New England to Pennsylvania, including for the latter state Kuhn's 

 ( 1941 ) record of one and three-tenths per cent for November. 



Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) (see Plate 30A): 

 The fruit is eaten during fall and winter from New Hampshire to 

 Virginia. In Connecticut it constituted one per cent of the fall and 

 winter food (Hosley). 



Milkworts (Polygala): The leaves are a summer, fall, and winter 

 food from New York to Virginia. Darrow records these greens as 

 tenth among summer foods of adults in the Adirondacks of New 

 York and eighth (five-tenths of one per cent) in the summer diet of 

 chicks in the Catskills. 



Smartweeds (Polygonum): Seeds of this group are taken during 

 summer, fall, and early winter from New England to Pennsylvania. 

 Darrow lists them as tenth (nine-tenths of one per cent) in the 

 summer foods of young birds in New York outside the mountainous 

 areas. MacGregor ranks them as seventh (two and one-tenth per 

 cent) among late-summer foods in New Hampshire, 



Cinquefoils (Potentilla) : Taken from New England to Virginia, 

 the leaves are recorded by Smyth as making up two and two-tenths 

 per cent of the November food in the Northeast; MacGregor lists 

 them as seventh (two and eight-tenths per cent) among November 

 foods in New Hampshire; their use is recorded in smaller but con- 

 sistent amounts elsewhere by other authors. 



Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris) : The leaves are taken during the fall 

 from New England to Virginia. They composed one and one-tenth 

 per cent of the November food in Pennsylvania (Kuhn), almost as 

 much in Virginia, and smaller amounts in New England. 



Shin leaf (Pyrola): The leaves are a fall-and-vdnter food, some- 

 times in quantities that place them for a time among the most im- 

 portant foods. They amounted to six per cent of the February food 

 in New York and one per cent of January food (Kelso). Gross re- 

 cords shin leaf foliage as comprising one and two-tenths per cent of 

 the fall food in New England; a smaller but significant amount was 

 taken in Pennsylvania, and a trace in Virginia. 



Buttercups (Ranunculus): The leaves are used as a summer, fall, 

 and winter food throughout the region. Two species have been 

 identified, but no doubt others are used. Smyth records buttercup 

 foliage as being four and eight-tenths per cent of the October food 

 in the Northeast, while Darrow found it amounting to one and eight- 



