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Plate 41. A (Upper). Protection from grazing is one of the first essentials of 

 woodland management, whether for game or timber. Note the good understory 

 to the right of the fence where protected, and the lack of any saplings or shrubs 

 on the left where grazed. B (Lower left). Overgrazing in a woodland not only 

 prevents plant reproduction, but has a detrimental effect on the soil itself. If car- 

 ried on for many years, the effects of compaction and erosion may last a long time. 

 C ( Lower right ) . Fire in woodlands may destroy grouse cover almost completely 

 for a period. If an area is repeatedlv burned, as is so much of the middle Appa- 

 lachian range, it cannot support grouse at all. 



