Man's Relation to the Grouse 275 



abnormally heavy hunting might well have some refuges as insur- 

 ance against total local extermination. However, it may be desirable 

 to establish game refuges for other species in areas inhabited by 

 grouse. 



MAN AS A LIMITING FACTOR 



In a direct sense, as a destroyer of grouse, man is seldom the 

 limiting factor under modem conditions of hunting. Locally this 

 may occur, and potentially he might be generally over-destructive 

 if the legal restrictions and the restraints of hunting ethics were 

 lifted. In an indirect sense he is the dominant limiting factor in all 

 but wilderness areas. More vital to the grouse than man's hunting 

 are his use of the ax, saw, plow, fence, fire, and livestock which in 

 various combinations determine what shall constitute the grouse's 

 "home on the range." 



o 



REFERENCES AND CITATION SOURCES ON RELATIONS 

 OF MAN TO THE RUFFED GROUSE 



Audubon, J. J. The Birds of America, 1856. 



Bent, A. C. Life Histories of North American Gallinaceous Birds, U. S. Nat. 



Mus. Bull. 162, 1927. 

 Dillin, J. G. The Effect of Forest Fires on Grouse, Bull. Am. Game Prot. 



Ass'n, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1920. 

 Edminster, F, C. Man as a Predator on Ruffed Grouse Areas, Game Breeder, 



Vol. XXXVII, No. 4, 1933. 

 Edminster, F. C. An Analysis of the Value of Refuges for Cychc Game Species, 



Joum. Wildlife Mgt., Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 1937. 

 Edminster, F. C. Wildlife Management through Soil Conservation on Farms 



in the Northeast, U.S.D.A. Farmers Bull. No. 1868, 1941. 

 Elliott, D. G. The Game Birds of the United States, U.S.D.A. Ann. Report, 



1864. 

 Forbush, E. H. Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts 



and Adjacent States, 1912. 

 Forbush, E. H. Birds of Massachusetts and Other New England States, Vol. 2, 



1929. 

 Gerstell, Richard. The Pennsylvania Bounty System, Res. Bull. No. 1, Pa. 



Game Commission, 1937. 

 Krieble, C. G. From Behind the Camera, Pa. Game News, Vol. 12, No. 5, 



August, 1941. 

 "Monon." Shooting Out of Season, Forest & Stream, Vol. 5, No. 2, Aug. 19, 



1875. 



