This laboratory guide was designed for use In a one-semester 

 course. It was written for the student — not the instructor — 

 and was planned to be used independently by the student with 

 a minimum of aid from the instructor. The laboratory work Is 

 of course to be supplemented by readings, discussions, and 

 lectures. Standard laboratory materials, shark, Necturus, and 

 cat, are the principal animals used; and each organ system is 

 treated In a comparative manner. Experience has taught that, 

 although greater storage facilities are sometimes necessary, the 

 comparative method of teaching vertebrate anatomy Is superior 

 to other methods. Specific mention of the drawings to be 

 required of the student is purposely omitted; it seems better 

 for each instructor to use his own judgment In this respect. 



The author makes no claim to originality In writing this 

 manual. As is the case with most laboratory guides Ideas and 

 Information were derived from many sources. Special acknowl- 

 edgment, however, should be made to Professor George Wagner 

 of the University of Wisconsin, whose methods of presention 

 have been followed to a considerable extent. 



I. E. Gray. 



Durham, N. C. 



