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I. Brief Survey of the Vertebrates i 



II, The Skeletal System 8 



Axial Skeleton 8 



Vertebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs 8 



Shark 8 



Necturus 9 



Alligator lo 



Cat lO 



Skull 13 



Shark. . . . . » 13 



Ganoid fish 16 



Necturus 17 



Alligator 18 



Cat 19 



Appendicular Skeleton 26 



Shark 26 



Necturus 27 



Cat 28 



III. The Muscular System 32 



Shark 32 



Cat 33 



IV. The Digestive and Respiratory Systems 44 



Comparative Anatomy of Teeth 44 



Organs of the Shark 45 



Organs of Necturus 47 



Organs of the Cat 48 



V. The Circulatory System 53 



Shark 53 



Cat 56 



vii 



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