The Social Use of Space 



JOHN B. CALHOUN 



Laboratory of Psydwlogy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



I. Introduction 2 



II. The Bivariate Normal Type of Home Range 4 



III. Behavioral Origins of the Bivariate Normal Type of Home Range. _ 8 

 A. Activity in a One-Dimensional Habitat 8 



IV. Use of a Two-Dimensional Field 19 



A. Theoretical Origin 19 



B. Travel-Path Home Range 24 



V. Summary of the Concept of Home Range 25 



VI. Continuous Removal Trapping of Small Mammals 26 



A. Rich Lake Island, New York, 1952, Sixty-Day Removal Study — 



Data Contributed by William L. Webb 27 



B. Chadwick Woods, Montgomery County, Maryland, Removal 



Study, 1958-1959— Data Contributed by Kyle R. Berbehenn 29 



C. Comparative Catches, Huntington Wildlife Forest, 1952-1953 — 



Data Contributed by Earl F. Patric and WilUam L. Webb_ . . 29 



D. Comparative Catches, Huntington Wildlife Forest, 1951 — Data 



Contributed by William L. Webb 30 



E. Comparative Catches in Maine (1950) and Maryland (1953) ... 31 



F. Comparative Catches of Peromyscus and Clethrionomys 32 



VII. Toward a General Theory of Interspecific and Intraspecific Use of 



Space 34 



A. A Two-Species System 36 



B. The Nature of the Inhibitory Influence 38 



C. The Learning of Signals 39 



D. The Distance between Neighbors of the Same Species 42 



E. Methods of Calculating Data Relative to the Distance between 



Neighbors 44 



F. Further Comment on the Impact of All Individuals on the 



Environment 44 



G. Contacting Neighbors 45 



H. Sign Field of All Neighbors 47 



I. Signal Field of Neighbors 47 



J. Hum Field 50 



K. General Conclusion Concerning the Distance between Neighbors 50 



L. The Number of Neighbors Perceived 51 



1 



