128 John B. Calhoun 



of the trait itself or may be a function of a recognizable degree of differ- 

 ence between one individual and its most similar associate. 1 believe that 

 such degrees of difference form the primary basis for the maturation of 

 social behavior and social organization within a group. Further treatment 

 of this topic follows in Sections XIII, B, 5, a and b; XIV, A and B. 



Such traits or degrees of difference comprise the units influencing social 

 behavior. These units will here be called rf-genes. As stated above they may 

 be of either hereditary, or cultural origin. Any rf-gene, g^^\ may develop 

 an allelic series of differing or "mutant" forms ^i^' • • • gl^K When degrees 

 of difference, and not the absolute amount or kind of difference, forms a 

 (/-gene there can only be two forms of a particular t/-gene, g]l^ and g^^\ 

 where g\]^^ represents a degree of difference from the ideal type, the 

 ideal d, and g^2^ represents the retention of the ideal traits for which g'^^^ 

 represents the divergence. c?-genes of the type g*"^ will be called dominant 

 c?-genes, while those of the type g]p will be called recessive c?-genes. d- 

 genes of the latter type are treated in detail in Sections XIII, B, 5, a and 

 b. Without specifying the allelic nature of any rf-gene it is obvious that the 

 target diameter d is a function of (rf), g^^\ g^-\ • • •, ^^"\ 



Let 



Si^ represent the response-evoking capacity of any ith. individual with 

 reference to the probability of its being chosen by associates as 

 an object of affection. S'"^^ is related to Schaeffer's love-acceptance 

 referred to in Section XIY, C. 



aS,^"^ represent the response-evoking capacity of any zth individual 

 affecting the probability of his being rejected by associates. *S^"^ 

 is related to Schaeffer's hostility-rejection referred to in Section 

 XIV C. 



<S^^^ is a function of both (d) and the assembly of dominant d-genes, 

 while <S^"^ is solely a function of recessive c?-genes. The probability of en- 

 countering the common (d) assembly of traits will be 1.0. Therefore, from 

 Eq. (87) the positively affective stimulus-evoking capacity of this com- 

 monly held assembly of traits will contribute to the *S^-^^ of an individual 

 inversely proportional to the probability of its being encountered within 

 the V individuals forming the group. Thus where pg represents the prob- 

 ability of encountering a particular c?-gene and A, B, C, • • • , represents the 

 dominant "allele" of c?-genes (1), (2), (3), •••, and there are N — 1 

 d-genes of the degrees of difference type, then: 



S\^' =— + -77 + 47+ ••• +-7^17 (92) 



P(d) Pa PoB Pff(Ar_i) 



Similarly where a, b, c, • • ', N — 1 represent recessive d-genes of the 



