138 John B. Calhoun 



I have pointed out that since fx can change as a result of independent 

 change in d, v, and A, conseciuently there must be discrete phenomena in 

 the individual representing what I call d', v' , and A' , which can change 

 independent of each other. Nevertheless, it is ciuite likely that the compo- 

 nents of n and /x' do have interactions. The concept of intensity (duration) , 

 i, of social action includes control of i by both internal and external factors. 

 The internal factor is A', the "governor" previously discussed. The ex- 

 ternal factor is the d of the other. The greater d, the greater i. Thus, d 

 can influence the governor. This means that an increase in the d of associ- 

 ates can decrease the A' of self. 



In studies with rats recently completed (Calhoun, 1962b) some rats 

 develop a high v while others develop a low v. Those with a very high v 

 exhibit high i in terms of both intensity and duration. This suggests that 

 in some way an increase in v leads to a decrease in A' . Furthermore, male 

 rats with very low v commonly respond as though they did not make ade- 

 quate discrimination of the cues emanating from associates. They sexually 

 mount associates without regard to their age, sex, or sexual receptivity. 

 These observations suggest that lowering of the motor components of self's 

 V increases self's d' , which suggests that somehow when an animal decreases 

 its velocity its ability to discriminate among available social stimuli also 

 becomes reduced. All I have attempted to do in the preceding paragraphs 

 is to lay the groundwork for understanding the meaning of the contact- 

 modifying factor jj.' . 



Decreases of n re increase in N : We are here concerned with the special 

 case where the area. A, remains constant as numbers of individuals, N, 

 increase. This means that density increases. We have already seen that an 

 increase in A^ with ^ held constant leads to a deficit, da, in satisfaction from 

 social interaction as well as an increase above optimum of the frustration, 

 df, from such interaction. As density increases one should anticipate n 

 changing before y.' . Therefore we shall consider ix' as remaining constant 

 at the 1.0 value appropriate to Nb but let N increase. In each instance we 

 wish A^ to become No, which means that do and 6/"'^ will be optimum. Con- 

 sider the case where A^b = 12 and intensity of interaction remains at u, it 

 may be seen from Eq. (80) that successive doublings of No demands suc- 

 cessively slightly more than halving of jXo'- 



No 



IJ'O 



