1. The Social Use of Space 141 



passes through its a^p refractory period and again enters the responsive 

 state, some random change may typify its behavior. The more freciuently 

 it is frustrated, the more hkely will its behavior become deviant simply 

 because there has been so infrequent reinforcement of its original appropri- 

 ate form. Conversely, those individuals which, when they are in the re- 

 sponsive state, have met another also in the responsive state, will have the 

 original appropriate behavior rewarded or reinforced. The behavior of 

 such individuals will remain much in its original form. 



In this way the members of a group may be rank ordered according to 

 the degree to which their behavior has deviated from the original. Each 

 recognizable unit of deviation represents a recessive d-gene. Each unit of 

 retention of the original behavior pattern from which theirs has been a 

 deviation represents a dominant c?-gene. The more dominant c?-genes an 

 individual possesses, the more intensely will associates respond to him in a 

 positive affective manner, and the more likely will he be chosen as a 

 partner or leader. Conversely, the more recessive c?-genes an individual 

 possesses, the more intensely will associates impose restraints or sanctions 

 on him, and the more likely will they reject him. 



It is useful to borrow terminology from genetics which deals with he- 

 redity. Let upper case letters represent dominant d-genes, and lowercase 

 letters represent recessive d-genes. Such a system for an A^ = 11 is shown 

 in Table XIII. Here (d) represents the common traits shared by all mem- 

 bers of N. (d) plus the remaining dominant and recessive genes specify 

 an individual's rf-genotype. That individual which has been exposed to the 

 least number of circumstances producing changes in its c?-genotype may 

 be said to possess the "ideal" d-genotype. All other individuals will diverge 

 more or less from this ideal. They may be rank ordered from the alpha in- 

 dividual with the ideal d-genotype to the omega nth ranked individual, 

 which differs most from the alpha one. Each can then be assigned a simi- 

 larity rank, R. The alpha individual is represented by Ri; the one who 

 differs least from the alpha has R2; while the individual who differs most 

 from the alpha has Rn. In Eqs. (92) and (93) i = R (Tables XIII to XV). 



Consider R4. By utilizing Eq. (93) its c?-genotype, by which we simply 

 mean its d, becomes: 



d = (d) + gi'^ + r/r- + r/;^ + g\,'' + g'/' 



+ g'o'' + gk'' + g'l'' + g'^ (104) 



Obviously the d for each similarity rank, R, will be different for every 

 other one. Therefore S for each individual will be unique. This response- 

 evoking capacity, S, represents the d-phenotype. 



