1. The Social Use of Space 145 



And from Eq. (91) it follows that 



Vi = N-JN (108) 



Equation (108) has proved a most useful one in the study of social 

 groups of experimental animals because it leads to predicting the degrees 

 of social withdrawal expected among any group of known size. In the dis- 

 cussion following Eq. (99) I pointed out that where /x increases as a result 

 of S^"^ becoming greater than 1.0, acconmiodation might be through 

 ejection of those members with the largest ^S^"^ or by a splitting of the 

 group. Each of these possibilities presumes unused area A into which the 

 appropriate individuals may immigrate. However, when surrounding 

 groups maintain territories, or other circmnstances preclude emigration, 

 then the A component of m = {Sv/A) remains constant. Thus, reduction 

 in velocity, v, becomes the only avenue for reducing /x back to the 1.0 

 value appropriate to No. 



By a similar line of reasoning to that leading to Eci. (107), A''j represents 

 the number of individuals with which the individual in question possesses 

 a given uniqueness of dominant c?-genes. 



Reference to Table XIII will clarify the meaning of Nj. For example, 

 Rh belongs to an iVj = 5 since it may be recognized by sharing the domi- 

 nant c?-gene, E, wdth four other individuals. A^j and the similarity rank, R, 

 will always have identical numerical values. 



By analogy to Eq. (107) 



S^P = N/Nj (109) 



And although I do not for the present see how one identifies T' in biological 

 or social terms, although it may represent the seeking for positive affec- 

 tion, it is obvious that 



Vi = Nj/N (110) 



In this sense behavioral c?-genes do not represent retention or deviation 

 from specific behaviors. Characterization by two individuals of possessing 

 at least three degrees of deviation does not mean that these degrees of 

 deviation are identical. 



Now consider a group consisting of four individuals, the pertinent data 

 and calculations for which are given in Table XIV. The probabilities of 

 the dominant and recessive c?-genes are: 



Pa = 1/4 Pa = 3/4 



Pb = 2/4 p, - 2/4 



PC = 3/4 p. = 1/4 



Pid) = 4/4 



