150 



John B. Calhoun 



contacts, Hd, for any ith animal l)ecomes: 



Vi 



n 



(exp) _ 



{N + 1)/2J t^ 



Zn^ 



bs) 



= Vi 



2 E n(f «) 



iV + 1 



(112) 



And by substituting Eq. (108) into Eq. (112) we obtain an equation 

 more convenient for calculation: 



„(exp) _ 

 "'ci ~ 



N 



2 E nT' 



t=i 



N + 1 



(113) 



nfl^\ so calculated, are given in Table XV. Where 



i2=l 



, (exp) 



X" = 8.001, which with 10 degrees of freedom has a p of 0.629. On this 

 basis the observed certainly does not deviate significantly from the expected. 



1. Awareness of Self 



Three-fourths of the contribution to the above x" come from the single 

 omega, nth. ranked indi^'idual. Considering only the highest ten ranked 

 individuals, x" = 2.006 which with 9 degrees of freedom has a p of 0.99! I 

 have already shown (Calhoun, 1956) that the paired contacts in this 

 group diverged markedly from randomness, and so the divergence must 

 reflect some fixed social system such as elaborated here with regard to 

 reduction in velocity. Therefore, the marked divergence of this single 

 omega individual is likely to reflect a basic process, not just a random 

 variation; so I asked, "How would self-awareness afTect the present formu- 

 lation?" By self-awareness I mean that an individual recognizes and im- 

 poses self-sanctions which are of sufficient intensity to reduce his velocity 

 just as much as do the sanctions imposed upon him by his associates. For 

 this to happen it means that an individual can "meet" himself. 



Equations (96), (97), (107), and (109) imply that an animal can meet 

 itself. That an individual meets himself means that he must recognize 

 himself. This raises the question of how an individual recognizes himself. 

 One way is by comparison. Considering degrees of difference depicted by 

 Table XIII, an individual can say, "I am at least as different as those 



