162 John B. Calhoun 



so frequently that their entire posterior becomes a mass of scar tissue 

 de\'oid of hair. Like other males who still receive sufficient sanctions from 

 associates to maintain their velocity at a low level, they become pansexual 

 in the sense of including adult males and juveniles of both sexes as objects 

 for sexual advances. They also share with the berserk males of (juadrant 

 four the property of heightened intensity of interaction. Theirs, however, 

 reveals itself in sexual behavior toward adult females. Mounts, instead of 

 lasting the usual 1 to 3 seconds, may continue for several minutes. This 

 persistence of the mounting, without intromission, resembles that of frogs. 



Low velocity male rats, those which belong in circumplex quadrants 

 two and three, fall mostly into two distinct categories, those which have 

 received many wounds and those which have received very few. The former, 

 which belong in quadrant thi-ee, present no conceptual problem as to their 

 origin. Straightforward operation of the four S factors will always place 

 the lower-ranked members of the hierarchy in the third quadrant. How- 

 ever, the latter, "phlegmatic" types must have arisen from a secondary 

 180 degree shift in response evoked by the d-genes. Their lack of wounds 

 during their entire history indicates S^'^'> involves dominant d-genes. Their 

 low velocity indicates that now as adults S^^'> also involves dominant d- 

 genes. They are rats for whom we may infer that their associates have 

 always been "overindulgent" and "overprotective." Such rats are quite 

 fat and have relatively small adrenals, ventricles, and kidneys. Though 

 they exhibit some displaced sexual behavior, their "personality type" is 

 one most characteristically involving failure either to elicit or initiate social 

 interaction. They are types lacking social involvement. 



This brief discourse on rat types suggests that my elaboration of 

 Schaefer's (1959, 1961) circumplex behavior-personality complex may 

 prove to be a fruitful framework for pursuing studies in comparative social 

 psychology. 



D. Conformity, Withdrawal, and Creativity 



When N increases above Nb or n increases above jU6 it has been shown 

 that fragmentation of N to appropriately sized discrete subgroups may lead 

 to reacquisition of 6^°^ and 6j°\ Even when A^ remains at Nb, the unavoid- 

 able variability in the four types of S leads to yu differing among members 

 of the group. Reduction of v as S'-''^ increases enables the individuals to 

 prevent excessive increments of 6/ above d'/\ Even so, many individuals 

 with reduced v must experience either reduced da or excessive Of. We may 

 inquire as to possible avenues for escaping these deviations from dj^"'' and 

 6^/'> without leaving the group. 



