1. The Social Use of Space 163 



For those individuals who in their behavior do not differ markedly from 

 the alpha-ranked, Ri, member, there exists the possibility of adopting the 

 outward behavior of Ri. Such acquired conformity should permit eleva- 

 tion of velocity to basic levels and should produce a discontinuity in the 

 range of velocities observed among members of the group. Whyte (1956) in 

 his "The Organization Man" has emphasized the role of conformity as an 

 adjustive mechanism accompanying increases in A''. 



At the opposite extreme of original behavioral divergence there exist 

 individuals with such reduced velocity that their contacts with higher- 

 ranked individuals proves insufficient to permit their developing conformity 

 through emulating the behavior of their superiors. Recently I have had the 

 opportunity of studying the behavior of all members of three populations 

 of domesticated Norway rats for every member of which assessments of 

 velocity had been made. Low-velocity rats develop the capacity to move 

 about without engaging in interactions with their associates. They rarely 

 initiate interactions nor do they elicit actions from associates. This social 

 withdrawal becomes so complete that, despite being in the presence of many 

 associates, they are characterized by small adrenals and small ventricles, 

 just as are rats which have lived all their lives as members of A'''s of 3. 

 David Riesman et al. (1953) has movingly described such isolation and 

 oblivion of surroundings among humans in his "The Lonely Crowd." 



In between the velocity levels producing conformity and withdrawal, 

 there lies a narrow but important range of velocity permitting a process 

 which can terminate in creativity. Why this is so requires recall that ac- 

 cording to my model or social interaction, interaction with self must be 

 included along with interaction of self with others. One can choose oneself, 

 one can reject oneself, one can facilitate one's own behavior, or one can 

 restrain or impose sanctions on one's own behavior. All are possible. 



Consider sanctions. These are mostly the i['i' , Eq. (114), of others 

 directed against oneself. Let i^"'^ represent self-sanctions. The self-inter- 

 action becomes: 



N - 1 



l/2\2 



= ^ ' ^ (116) 



N - 1 



The lil"'^y, which initially solely represents self-control but may evolve 

 into creativity, is proportional to [ij^"'^]-. As may be seen from column 7 

 in Table XV, the intensity of this self-control mounts ever more rapidly 

 as lower ranks in the hierarchy are approached. In so long as self-interac- 



