CONTENTS XIX 



Pagb 



Teeth of Mammals 189 



Teeth of Man i93 



Development of Teeth iQS 



6. The Skeletal System 201 



The Axial Skeleton 203 



Evolution of the Vertebral Column 203 



The Vertebral Column in Man 206 



Development of the Vertebral Column 209 



The Ribs 210 



The Sternum 214 



The Cranium 216 



The Visceral Skeleton 228 



The Appendicular Skeleton 236 



Evolution of Paired Appendages 236 



Summary of Skeletal Evolution 244 



The Appendicular Skeleton in Man 247 



Development of the Appendicular Skeleton 253 



7. The Muscular System 259 



Evolution of the Muscular System 261 



Muscles in Man 273 



Development of the Muscles 284 



8. The Digestive System 292 



Evolution of the Digestive System 292 



The Human Digestive System 294 



Development of the Mouth 295 



Evolution of the Mouth 295 



Salivary Glands 3°i 



The Tongue 3°3 



The Pharynx 306 



The Esophagus 3°? 



The Stomach 308 



The Intestine 3^2 



Mesenteries and Omenta 3^9 



The Liver 322 



The Pancreas 326 



9. The Respiratory System 328 



Introduction 328 



The Branchial System 329 



The Development of Gills • 332 



History of the Gills 333 



Pharyngeal Derivatives 337 



The Pulmonary System . 337 



Development of the Lungs • • • 342 



History of the Pulmonary System 344 



10. The Vascular System 347 



Evolution of the Blood Vessels 348 



Evolution of the Heart 3S8 



