16 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. 



charge measuremeuts. The topography of each stream basiu aud of the trib- 

 utary drainage areas is described. 



The data in general show that North Carolina has a large source of avail- 

 able water power both in the larger and the smaller streams. The " small 

 power " streams may be found in all parts of the central and western portions 

 of the State. 



The origin and wholesomeness of the saline waters in the London Basin, 

 J. C. Thresh {Lancet [London], 1912, I, No. 5, pp. 311, 315, Si6).— This is a 

 brief discussion of the results of examinations of waters derived from the 

 chalk and Thanet sands under southeastern Essex, London, and other places, 

 some of which contain as high as 70 grains per gallon of sodium chlorid and 

 many average at least 50 grains per gallon. It is explained that these waters 

 are derived from an admixture of sea water aud chalk water altered by per- 

 colation through the Thanet sands. The sodium chlorid derived from the sea 

 water remains unchanged while the calcium carbonate of the chalk water is 

 converted into sodium carbonate. In spite of this unusual character, the 

 waters are considered wholesome. 



Purification tests of the water supply of Marseille, O. AENAtrn, C. Fabry, 

 and MoiTESsiER {Off. Internat. Hyg. Pah. [Paris], Bui. Mens., 3 {1911), No. 

 12, pp. 2177-2215, figs. S). — Seven processes used in these tests are described 

 and the results obtained with them are discussed. The processes included 

 chemical precipitation, filtration, and purification by means of ozone and 

 ultraviolet rays. The best results from an economic standpoint were obtained 

 with a system of filtration with submerged sand filters, although good results 

 were obtained by ozonization and treatment with ultraviolet rays. 



Utilization of sludg'e in Eng'land, L. Batley {Municipal Jour, and Engin., 

 32 {1912). No. 13, p. 4S3). — It is stated that "the economical utilization of 

 waste products generally has advanced further in England than in this country 

 and the disposal of sewage sludge or pressed sewage cake has been receiving 

 considerable attention there within the past few years. Various methods of 

 disposal have been suggested with the ob.1ect of so treating the sewage that the 

 expense entailed may be, as far as possible, more than covered by the receipts 

 obtained from the sale of the products. An additional inducement is the fact 

 that the problem of disposal of sewage sludge is a very present one and is 

 yearly becoming more urgent." 



The methods employed by various towns in England are briefly described. 

 At Bradford the sludge is rendered to remove the grease which is sold as 

 "Yorkshire grease " for $40 per ton. The filter press cake remaining after the 

 extraction of the gi-ease and containing about 40 per cent of moisture is dried 

 and sold as a fertilizer base for $2.50 per ton, finding " a large and increasing 

 market at home, on the Continent, and in the United States." At Chorley the 

 sludge is used with satisfactory results for the manufacture of gas. 



At other works in this region the method generally followed is to press the 

 sludge into cake, containing from 60 to 75 per cent of moisture, and to give it 

 away to farmers in the immediate vicinity or use it to fill up low lying land. 

 Although the material has from 3 to 4 times as much fertilizing value as ordi- 

 nary farmyard manure, it is in such form that there is little demand for it 

 from farmers, who in some cases are paid from 12 to 24 cts. per load to re- 

 move it. 



At Manchester part of the sludge from the filter beds is dried and sold as a 

 fertilizer for $5 per ton, the demand being much greater than the supply. At 

 Kingston-on-Thames the sludge is mixed with various materials, including alum, 

 blood, and clay, dried, aud sold as a fertilizer by a private company under the 

 name of " native guano " for from $15 to $20 per ton. At Norwich " a plant 



