EUKAL ECONOMICS. 191 



tbrasLiers, hay balers, dairy macliiuery, farm eugines, electricity in agriculture, 

 aud pumps. 



Wood used in construction of agricultural implements, F. N. G. Kuamch 

 (Farm Imi>lcmc)it.'<, 2G (1012), .To. 3, pp. 21, 22, 2.J).— This article deals with 

 the imiwrtance of wood iu the construction of agricultural machinery, describing 

 the imiK)rtant wooden parts of different implements, and discussing the relative 

 merits of different kinds of woods when used in the construction of parts of 

 various machines. 



The hand- winch stump and tree puller {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 23 (1912), 

 No. 1, p. SO). — This machine has a small winding drum about 1 ft. in diameter, 

 worked with an S-ft. lever pulled by 2 men. A grab disposes of slack rope and 

 a snatch block doubles the direct drum power, making it equal to about 24 tons. 

 The power is transmitted to a flexible wire rope, one end of which is anchored 

 to the butt of a standing tree, and the other looped around the tree to be pulled, 

 about 10 ft. from the ground. In trials recently conducted at the Grafton 

 experiment station, New South Wales, a swamp mahogany tree 2 ft. 9 in. in 

 diameter was inilled out by the roots in 22 minutes. 



Motor cultivation on a farm, H. S.\gnieb (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 23 

 (1912), Xo. 13, pp. .'fOl, fi02). — The operation aud cost of oi^eration of an inter- 

 nal combustion motor plow on a farm is discussed. 



Examination of a seeding machine for garden or nursery planting, C. 

 FRrwTKTii (Wiener Laiidic. Ztg., 62 (1912), No. 23, p. 2S5, fig. i).— A machine 

 is described which is adapte<^l to planting seeds in gardens, nurseries, or experi- 

 mental i)lats. It is so constructed as to plant the see<ls In rows at the required 

 depth and distance apart, and is intended as a time- and labor-saving apparatus 

 to be used where especial care in planting is required. 



Potato-digging machines, G. Seymour (Jour. Dept. Ayr. Victoria, 10 (1912), 

 No. 2, pp. 119-122, pfffi. .'/). — The construction and operation of several types of 

 potato-digging machines are described. 



A wagon for carrying heavy loads (Masch. Ztg., 10 (1912), No. 7, /). 82, 

 figs. 2). — A wagon is described which is esjiecially adapted to carrying hogs or 

 cattle or other heavy loads. It is so constructed that the bed can bo raised or 

 lowered on a steel frame, thus facilitating the processes of loading or 

 unloading. 



New ideas in modern straw balers, Fabricitts (Xfasr.h. Ztg., 10 (1912), 

 No. 7, pp. 80-S2, figs. 3). — An improved straw baler, some of its accessories, 

 and its operation are described. ^ 



ETJRAL ECONOMICS. 



Agricultural credit and cooperation in England and Wales (Jour. Bd, 

 Agr. [Londo7i], 19 (1912), No. 1, pp. 43-50). — Observations are made showing 

 that although agricultural cooperation has not been established to a very 

 large extent in England and Wales, it has in recent years made marked develop- 

 ment in the way of cooperative credit, insurance, purchase, production, sales, 

 etc. The state has contributed to the movement by passing legislation making 

 it possible for the societies to be established and registered at small cost, em- 

 powering coimty councils to aid such societies by money grants or guaranties, 

 and providing funds, through the Agricultural Organization Society, for the 

 propagation of cooperative ideas, the encouragement of new societies, and the 

 combination of individual societies into larger cooperative unions. 



Attention is called to the most common form of the small holdings and allot- 

 ment societies, in which a number of intending small-holders form themselves 

 into a society, which in its corporate capacity negotiates for the hire or pur- 



