ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255 



Methods in insect photography, W. C. O'Kane {Jour. Econ. Enl., 5 (1912), 

 No. 1, pp. 54-59, pi. 1). — This paper considers cameras and lenses, methods of 

 lijrhting, posing the object, plates and developer, preparation for printing, and 

 prints for half-tones. 



Some recent new importations, C. L. Mablatt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 5 (1912), 

 No. 1, pp. 73-77). — ^Among the pests reported to have recently been introduced 

 Into the District of Columbia are the spruce aphid (Lachnus junipcri) on young 

 spruce trees from Holland; a peach seed weevil (Antltonomus dniparium), 

 which is already a very serious pest in Europe from Siberia ; a cecidomyiid. re- 

 IntcHl to the Hessian fly, on lotus introduced as a fodder plant; the mango seed 

 weevil (Cryptorhynchns mangifervc) ; etc. The recently established pests men- 

 tioned include the European red tail ('Dasychina pudibunda) in New Jersey; 

 the European smaller elm bark beetle (Scolytus mult ist Hat us) in Massachu- 

 setts; the apple seed chalcis (Syntomaspis druparum) in New York; PMlvinaria 

 psidii, Alcyrodes hoicardii, and the oriental scale pest (Gonchaspis angrwci), 

 in Florida, etc. 



It is stated that the investigations conducted by the Bureau of Entomology 

 in Pennsylvania last year have demonstrated that the apple seed chalcis has 

 f^pread in destructive numbers into orchards in that State. In some orchards 

 at loiist one-third of the croj* was dostroyetl by it. 



The insect enemies of trees and herbaceous plants in Uruguay, A. Bouyat 

 (Rev. Asoc. Rural Uruguay, JfO (1911), No. 9, pp. 707-7 IH, figs. 5; ahs. in Inter- 

 nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 2 (1911), No. 

 11-12, p. 2612). — The more imix>rtant insects are here considered, including their 

 life history, damage caused, methods of treatment, enemies, etc. 



Some apple insects of Connecticut, G. H. Lamson (Connecticut 8torrs Sta. 

 Bui. 71, pp. .'/l-SS, fig^: 33). — A general account of insects and methods of con- 

 trol is followed by a brief r)opular account of the more common insect enemies 

 of the apple with directions for combating them. 



What is the matter with the elms in Illinois? S. A. Forbes (Illinois Sta. 

 Bui. 15Jf, pp. 3-22, figs. 10). — This bulletin calls attention to a fatal affection 

 of the American white elm, "now prevailing over a large part of southern 

 Illinois, similar to and apparently identical with one which destroyed many 

 elms in the central part of the State some 30 years ago. The character, extent, 

 and cause of this destruction are such as to make it plain either that the elm 

 must receive much more intelligent and assiduous care and treatment than it 

 has heretofore had in this State, or that it must yield its place to some tree more 

 hardy under conditions which it has itself failed to support. 



"The elm disease (if such it may be called) now prevalent is first noticed 

 from early summer to autumn — the leaves, first on the terminal twigs and 

 later on the larger branches, ceasing their growth, turning brown, and finally 

 falling. This loss is presently followed by the death of the branches them- 

 selves, as is shown the following spring when the rest of the tree leaves out. 

 Usually the higher branches are first affected, but the whole top soon seems to 

 blight, and in a year or two the tree is dead. Sometimes this process is greatly 

 shortened, and scores of trees may perish within a single year after the first 

 effects are noticed ; and sometimes, on the other hand, it is greatly lengthened, 

 extending through 5 or 6 years, and, in mild cases, even ending in recovery. 



"Although there may be no definite sign of insect injury anywhere, it is most 

 commonly the case that a thorough search of the trunk and larger branches 

 will show patches of dead bark under which there are 2 or more kinds of bur- 

 rowing insect larvae, or borers. The roots of these trees are often affected some- 

 what as the branches are ; that is, the smaller, terminal, so-called feeding roots 



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