ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457 



pupation becomes impossible. Parasitized larvae never pupate, but are killed 

 by the worms when they escape. Of 174 larvae examined, 41 were found to be 

 parasitized. In one case as many as 12 worms were removed from a single 

 host ; they all remained small apparently from insufficient food supply. 



Parasitism by O. polymorpha was found to vary from 1 to 80 per cent. 



On the life histoi*y of the ox warble (Hypoderma bovis), Peter (Mitt. 

 Deut. Landw. Gesell, 27 (1912), No. 11, pp. 156-16S, figs. 6). — In this paper the 

 author reports the results of studies commenced in March, 1910, and continued 

 during the sumjner of 1911 at Hamburg abattoirs. Illustrations showing the 

 development of the larvae during the various months of the year are included. 



How to get rid of flies, F. P. Stockbridge (World's Work, 23 (1912), No. 

 6, pp. 692-703, figs. 11). — ^This paper includes accounts of fly campaigns con- 

 ducted during 1911 in Weir and Topeka, Kans., Wilmington, N. C, Boston and 

 Worcester, Mass., Baltimore, Md., Washington, D. C, and other cities and 

 towns. 



[Transmission of Trypanosoma hippicum by the house fly] (Rpt. Dept. 

 Sanit. Isthmian Canal Com., 1912, Apr., p. J/l). — " Musca domestica caught in 

 Panama were fed with the blood of guinea pigs richly infected with trypano- 

 somes (T. hippicum), and after intervals of 23. 46, and 126 minutes micro- 

 scopic examinations of fluid from the proboscis of some of the flies were made, 

 and animal inoculations were made with material from others. Actively motile 

 living trypanosomes were demonstrated in the mouth parts of the flies 126 

 minutes after feeding. . , . 



" The fact here experimentally established that M. domestica can carry living 

 trypanosomes for so long a time as 2 hours shows that with the naturally 

 acquired disease ample time is given for the transference of the infecting agent 

 from the excoriated patches on the skin of infected mules to the freshly abraded 

 surfaces on the skin of noninfected mules, as was previously assumed from an 

 epidemiological study of the disease and its probable mode of infection." 



African fruit flies, F. Zacher (Tropcnpflanser, 16 (1912), No. 5, pp. 236-243, 

 figs. 3). — Eleven species of Ceratitis and Dacus are known to be of economic 

 importance in Africa. 



Fruit fly control, W. M. Giffard (Hawaii. Forester and Agr,. 9 (1912), No. 

 4, pp. 108-114)- — A brief report of work carried on against the Mediterranean 

 fruit fly in Hawaii. 



Systematic notes on North American Tachinidae, J. D. Tothill (Canad. 

 Ent., 44 (1912), No. 1, pp. 1-5). — Winthemia fumiferance bred from the spruce 

 budworm (Tortrix fiimifernnw) in the Provinces of Quebec and British Colum- 

 bia is described as new to science. 



Narcissus fly (Merodon equestris) [attacking Galtonia candicans], E. H. 

 Jenkins (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 50 (1911), No. 1296, p. 310).— The author has 

 repeatedly found the larva of M. equestris in Dutch cultivated bulbs of G. 

 candicans, the earliest instance having been some 22 years ago. In the case of 

 the daffodil, discoloration of the outer tissues of the bulb is a not infrequent 

 indication of the presence of the larva, though it may be as frequently due to 

 the presence of the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus sp.). 



Mustard beetles, R. S. MacDougall (Jour, Bd. Agr. [London], 18 (1911), 

 No. 12, pp. 1011-1020, fig. 1). — The insects here considered are the mustard 

 beetle (Phcedon betulce) and the turnip, mustard, and cabbage flower beetle 

 (Meligethes ceneus). 



An experimental study on the death feigning of Belostoma (=Zaitha 

 Aucct.) flumineum and Nepa apiculata, H. H. P. and H. C. Severin (Behavior 

 Monographs, 1 (1911), No. 3, pp. -'/-'/, pl- 1; «i&s. in Science, n. ser., 35 (1912), 

 No. 903, pp. 628-630). — The general characteristics of the death feint are dis- 



