EUKAL ECONOMICS. 691 



of the production per acre of the leading crops iu countries where such methods 

 have been applied and where not applied. He also draws attention to the part 

 played in Germany and France by agricultural cooperative societies in pro- 

 moting scientific farming by teaching farmers to appreciate the possibilities 

 of scientific methods, and by supplying them with funds to make the needed 

 changes and improvements. He discusses at length the systems of agricultural 

 credit in France and Germany and their possible application to conditions in 

 the United States. 



Agricultural cooperation in Ireland, C. Poe (Prog. Farmer, 21 {1912), Nos. 

 30, pp 11, IS; 31, pp. 11, 19). — This is a popular article describing in more 

 or less detail the work of cooperative credit banks, ccjoperative creameries, 

 poultry societies, etc., in Ireland, with suggestions as to the possible application 

 of the principles involved iu the South. 



Live stock improvement syndicates in France and recent state encourage- 

 ment {Intermit. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Bui. Bur. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 3 {1912), 

 No. 5, pp. 15-31). — This article gives special attention to the active movement 

 of syndicates in live-stock improvement in France, and the recent encourage- 

 ment from the government and various public bodies. 



The chief objects of the syndicates are the purchase and maintenance of good 

 bulls, the keeping of herd books and records of pcrformfince, and assisting in 

 the sale of stock. To encourage the movement the French government voted 

 200,000 francs to be used in promoting the work of the live-stock improvement 

 syndicates in 1912. The syndicates are also permitted to receive subsidies 

 under certain conditions. The appendix contains the rules adopted by some 

 ,of the syndicates. 



How the sale of live stock is organized in Austria (Intenwt. Inst. Agr. 

 [Rome], Bui. Bur. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 3 {1912), Xo. 7, pp. 3-12).— This article 

 describes the work of the general federation of the agricultural cooperative 

 societies of Austria in the marketing of live stock for individual breeders. 



Reliable agents residing in the principal centers of production are employed 

 to collect the live stock which individuals have for sale and forward it to the 

 " ViehveiTvertungsstelle " of some city. Here the agents of the federation sell 

 the animals to the best advantage, and after deducting expenses, but without 

 any commission charges, forward to the breeders the returns. This method 

 of marketing enables the isolated breeder to take advantage of the better terms 

 offered by the large markets and thus secure for himself profits which would 

 otherwise go to the middleman. The value of live stock sold in this way in- 

 creased from about $37,000 in 1907 to about .$2,035,000 in 1911. 



A detailed account of the actual workings of a number of these associations, 

 together with the encouragement given by the State, is also given. 



The German potash industry and potash legislation, J. Schonemann {Die 

 Deutsche Kali-Industrie und das Kaligcsctz. Hanover, 1911, pp. VII+152, pis. 

 10). — ^This publication presents a detailed discussion of the importance of the 

 German potash industry ; the motive of legal regulation of the industry ; history 

 of the legislation, and its economic significance as applied to the mine owner, 

 manufacturer, dealer or consumer, and laborer ; its influences upon foreign 

 countries ; and the treatment of contracts with American trusts. 



Agricultural reciprocity between America and China, G. W. Gboff {Canton 

 Christian Col, Dept. Agr. Invest. Bui. 5 [-/.912], pp. 40, figs. S'l). — This bulletin 

 deals with a comparison of American and Chinese agricultural methods, states 

 the opportunity for mutual helpfulness, suggests the field for service, and out- 

 lines an organization through which the work may be accomplished. 



The original home of agriculture of the Indo-Germanic people, R. Bbaun- 

 GABT {Die L'rhciniat dcr Landivirtschaft alter Indogcrmanischcn Talker. Ileidel- 



