ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 761 



Tbe authors consider it probable that the cycle in the larvse follows on 

 exactly the same lines as in the adult. 



The morpholog'y and life history of Nosema apis and the significance of 

 Its various stages in the so-called Isle of Wight disease in bees (Microspori- 

 diosis), II. B. Fantiiam and Annie Portee (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 6 {1912), 

 No. 2, PI). lU3-l!)o, pis: 3, fig. 1). — The information here presented is included in 

 the article above noted. 



The ways in which the disease [Nosema apis] may be spread, G. S. 

 Gbauam-Smitu and G. \V. Bullamore {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], If) {1912), 

 No. 2, Sup. 8, pp. 95-118, fig. 1). — " We have shown that the infection may be 

 transmitted through the agency of Infected foods or of living infected bees. 

 Infected water, esi)ecially rain water grossly contaminated with excrement in 

 the vicinity of hives, and honey, present in hives in which bees have died, seem 

 to be tbe most important infected foods. Foraging bees infected by ingesting 

 these foods, and 'para.site carriers,' wbetlier queens, drones, or workers, are 

 the most important agents of infection. The latter may be present in stocks 

 which have never suffered from the disease, or in dwindling stocks showing few 

 symptoms, or In stocks which have suffered from the disease and apparently 

 recovered." 



The dissemination of Nosema apis, H. B. Fantiiam and Annie Pobtee 

 (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., li ( IH12), No. 2, pp. 107-21.',, fign. 2).— This article is 

 based upon the ])apcr noted above. 



The relation of Nosema apis to the Isle of Wight disease, G. S. Graham- 

 Smith, II. B. Fantiiam, and Annie Porter (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 19 (1912), 

 No. 2, Slip. 8, pp. 39-56, pi. 1). — "Taking into consideration the following facts, 

 namely, that N. apis is met with in 84 per cent of stocks reputed to be suffering 

 from the disease, that infection exiieriments have proved that the parasite pro- 

 duces a fatal disease in bees, that very marked destruction of the tissues of the 

 alimentary tract is found in severely infected specimens, whether the condi- 

 tion has been produced experimentally or naturally, and that in less marked 

 infections a high proportion of the cells lining the alimentary tract are In- 

 vaded by the parasites and injured, the writers consider themselves justified in 

 taking the view that N. apis is the causative agent in most outbreaks of disease 

 in which the Isle of Wight symptoms are present. . . . 



" Experiments have conclusively proved that the spores are capable of pro- 

 ducing a fatal disease in healthy bees, but no such experiments have been 

 undertaken with young stages of the parasite only, and up to the present we 

 have no evidence that the young stages are capable of causing infection when 

 fed to healthy bees, although bees in which the young stages only are found 

 die in large numbers. ... It seems to the writers extremely probable that 

 many of the stocks which recover become partially immune, at any rate for a 

 time, to the effects of the parasite, but still continue to harbor it, and are con- 

 sequently a source of danger to the noninfected stocks in the neighborhood." 



Microsporidiosis in other Hymenoptera. — Infection experiments and ob- 

 servations, G. S. Graham-Smith (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 19(1912), No. 2, 

 Sup. 8, pp. 131, 132, pi. 1). — It is pointed out that while the experiments 

 here reported indicate that wild bees and wasps may act as parasite carriers, 

 it has not yet been shown that the Nosema found in naturally infected humble- 

 bees is N. apis. 



Microsporidiosis, a protozoal disease of bees due to Nosema apis, and 

 popularly known as Isle of Wight disease, H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter 

 (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 6 (1912). No. 2, pp. 1J,5-160, fig. i).— This paper 

 relates to the investigations above noted. 



