ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY, 61 



The San Jose scale and lime-sulphur wash, W. E. Hinds (.Uahiniia Colhgc 

 Sta. Bui. I'l-'i. i>i). 3-22, pi. 1, figs. J, dkii) 1). — This is an account of the life his- 

 tory of the San Jose scale, the injury which it produces, and remedial meas- 

 ures. A mai) is presented which shows the pest to be well distributed over the 

 State. 



The calyx cup must be filled. A. L. Melander (Jour. Econ. Eat., 2 (190!)), 

 No. 1, PI). 67-7S; ah.^. in Country dent., U, (1900) No. 2932, p. 3//8).— The author 

 here presents a symposium of the objections (contributed by entomologists and 

 horticulturists) to the western method of combating the codling moth. 



" The western method aims simply to place poison beneath the stamens. This 

 can best be done by throwing a driving spray through Bordeaux nozzles, at a 

 [jressure approximating 200 lbs. Most of the spraying is done from a raised 

 platform, and a crook is used at the end of the rod to direct the spray down- 

 ward. The spray must be thrown squarely into every blossom for success. A 

 dilute spray of 1 lb. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water copiously applied is 

 more conducive to thoroughness than is a sparing use of a concentrated wash. 

 One such application destroys the first brood and thus actually insures prac- 

 tically 100 per cent of clean fruit. Thus there is no need for later applications. 

 In addition to assuring thoroughness, high pressure means rapid work, thus re- 

 ducing the labor cost. The weak formula saves quite an item. The absence 

 of late generations of worms eliminates disfiguring ' stings,' which ahrays re- 

 snlt when 'late larvt^ have to be destroyed by late surface applications. The 

 single application leaves time for other orchard work after midsummer. Irri- 

 gation is not interfered with, as the orchard does not have to be dried out to 

 permit the passage of the spray outfit. There is no damage to apple-laden 

 branches, low hanging because of their weight of fruit, from driving a spray 

 wagon through the closely planted orchards. Moreover, for oily skinned and 

 glaucous varieties it is the only method that can be successfully used. A sin- 

 gle thorough spraying has afforded practically 100 per cent returns over hun- 

 dreds and hundreds of acres of AVashington orchards." 



Economic loss to the people of the United States through insects that 

 carry disease, L. O. Howakd (V. ti. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 78, pp. JfO). — 

 The author calls attention to the many infectious diseases transmitted through 

 the agency of insects, and discusses in particular the economic loss through 

 mosquitoes and house flies. 



It is stated that the development of the State of New Jersey has been held 

 back by the mosquito plague, as has the growth of dairying in southern New 

 Jersey and of paying industries near the mosquito-breeding areas in the vicinity 

 of New York City and other localities. The cost of screening habitations alone 

 for mosquitoes and the house fly exceeds $10,000,000 annually. 



Malaria is said to be spreading in this country. It is estimated that the 

 annual death rate in the United States from this disease is nearly 12,000, but 

 attention is called to the fact that the death rate of malaria perhaps, as with 

 no other disease, fails to indicate the real loss from the economic point of view. 

 It is pointed out that vast areas of rich land of the Delta region along the Mis- 

 sissipi)i Iliver can not be cultivated becanse of this disease. Large sums have 

 been and are annually being spent in the control of the mosquitoes which trans- 

 mit malaria and yellow fever. The great loss due to malaria and yellow fever, 

 and the imi)ortance of the control of the Anopheles and Stegomyia mosquitoes 

 in the United States, Panama, and other countries are discussed at length. 



The author proposes the name " typhoid fly " as a substitute for that of 

 " house fly " now in general use. The habits of this pest are described, and 

 evidence is brought forward to show that it plays a very important part in the 

 distribution of the causative agents of typhoid fever, cholera, tropical dysen- 



