RURAL ECONOMICS. 89 



A large cooperative creamery, M. Beau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1909), 

 No. 10, pp. 299-302, figs. 2; Indus. Latt. e Zootvc, 7 { 1909), IVo. 7, pp. 113, IVf).— 

 This article describes the orf^anization and operation of the cooperative dairy 

 of Vienna, Austria, confined largely to the distribution of fresh milk and crean), 

 which is said to be the largest and best equipped organization of its kind in the 

 world. 



Law of February 26, 1909, authorizing loans to agricultural cooperative 

 societies in Algeria {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 17 {1909), .Ao. 9, pp. 277,278).^ 

 The text of the law is reported. 



Agricultural bookkeeping, H. Schmidt and P. Walter {Landwirtschaftliche 

 BuclifiiJiruiig. Hanover, 1908, pp. VI+59). — A single entry system of book- 

 keeping for farmers is described and illustrated. 



The pensioning of farm laborers, S. Fereari {Bui, Agr. [Milan], J/S {1909), 

 Kos. 16, pp. 1, 2; 17, p. 2). — This article discusses the forms of mutual assur- 

 ance for pensioning aged or injured farm laborei's practiced by certain agricul- 

 tural associations in France, and the author proposes a detailed plan for or- 

 ganizing such associations in Italy, which is believed to offer a partial solution 

 of the pi'oblem of retaining farm laborers on the land. 



The effects of the periodical movement of laborers in Italy and the at- 

 tempt at government regulation, T. Mueller {Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 {1909), 

 Ko. 3, pp. 99-117). — This article describes the custom which prevails among 

 large numbers of farm laborers in Italy of traveling from place to place in 

 search of employment. 



Statistics are presented of the number and classes of laborers seeking em- 

 ployment during each month of the year, and the kinds of work at which 

 employed during the seasons. The causes and effects of the movement are 

 pointed out. Among the results mentioned are an oversupply of farm labor 

 in some districts and a scarcity in others, the former frequently resulting in 

 strikes, reduction in wages, and conflicts between the incoming and native 

 laborers. The seriousness and frequency of these tendencies in recent years 

 Lave led to the organization of government information and arbitration com- 

 missions for the purpose of controlling the annual movement of farm laborers, 

 and the economic and social advantages of these efforts on the part of the gov- 

 ernment are discussed. 



Measures against contract-breaking agricultural laborers, Schade et al. 

 (Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 56 {1908), Xo. .',9, pp. 1336-1348).— The regulations and 

 penalties in force in certain parts of Germany relating to the breaking of con- 

 tracts between farmers and farm laborers are presented and discussed. 



The development of the agricultural industry in Germany as a result 

 of the scarcity of farm labor, F. Bornemann {Fuhling's Landiv. Ztg., 58 

 (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 92-108; J,, pp. 121-11,6).— The author reviews the history of 

 German agriculture during the past 50 years, and discusses the cause and ex- 

 tent of rural depopulation, the substitution of foreign for native laborers, the 

 efforts made to retain the people on the land, the combination of agriculture 

 with some industry in order to give constant employment to farm laborers, the 

 changes in farm management to save labor, the changes in number and size of 

 farm holdings, the use of implements and machinery, and the technical opei'a- 

 tion of farms to save hand labor. He presents a comparison of agricultural 

 conditions in England and the United States with German conditions, and a 

 general forecast of what the future development of agriculture is likely to be in 

 Germany. 



Two agrarian problems, J. Kozany {Wiener Landw. Ztg., 59 (1909), Nos. 

 23, pp. 235, 236; 2.'f, pp. 2^8, 2Ji9). — The author discusses the factors which 



