VETERINARY MEDICINE. 383 



tens, Halteridiuni, Heniocystidlum, Babesia, Hemogregarina, Leucocytozoa, and 

 Helmintlies discovered are described. A bibliography of 55 titles is 'appended to 

 the account. 



The origin of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the 

 United States, J. K. Moiii.kk and .M. J. Kosenau ( L'. .V. Dcitt. .l*//., liur. Aiiint. 

 Indus. Circ. 7)7, /)/>. 2D, fig. J ; uhs. in Jour. Anicr. Med. As.soc, 52 (lOOO), No. 

 21, pp. J67!), 1680, fig. 1). — In this circular the authors consider the nature and 

 characteristics of the disease, its occurrence in man, and give a history of recent 

 outbreaks. Various theories as to the source of infection in the recent out- 

 break, such as its introduction with imported live stock, by immigrants carrying 

 the virus on their clothing, its entry through hay or straw used for packing, or 

 in biological products, are then discussed, and investigations conducted l)y the 

 authors, including experiments with vaccine virus, are reported in detail. 



It is shown that the recent outbreak of tlie disease in this c(mntry started 

 from calves used to propagate smallpox vaccine virus and that the outbreak in 

 1902-3 probably had a similar origin. 



" Tlie vaccine virus used on these calves Inis been proved to contain the 

 infection of foot-and-mouth disease. ... It is probable that the foot-and- 

 mouth infection got into tlie vaccine virus in some foreign country where the 

 disease prevailed, and was introduced into the United States through the 

 importation of this contaminated vaccine. 



" The symbiosis between the infections of vaccinia and foot-and-mouth disease 

 is especially interesting. Animals vaccinated with the mixed virus, as a rule, 

 show only the lesions of one of these diseases, viz, vaccina ; nevertheless 

 the infectious principle of foot-and-mouth disease remains in the vaccinal 

 eruption." 



Plague bacilli in ecto-parasites of squirrels, G. W. McCoy {Pub. Health 

 and Mar. Hasp. Sen: U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 2.) {1909), No. 16, p. Jpo).— 

 Baeillus pest is was proved to be present in the bodies of the flea {Ceratophijlhis 

 acutus) taken from infected ground squirrels {Citeilus beechyi), also in feces 

 passed during 72 hours succeeding its removal from the host. It was also 

 proven to be present in a louse (probably Ha'niatopiaus montanus) taken from 

 jilague infected siiuii'rcls. 



Bacillus lactimorbi, n. sp. Its relation to milk sickness and trembles, 

 E. O. Jordan and N. M. Harris {Abs. Hcienee, n. scr.. 29 {1909), No. 7.56, pp. 

 1010, 1011). — This description and account was presented at the meeting of the 

 Society of American Bacteriologists held at Baltimore, Deceml)er 29-31, 1908. 



This organism appears to be a hitherto undescribed bacterium and was iso- 

 lated by the writers from several cases of trembles in cattle, from one case of 

 the disease in a horse, from two lambs, and from four cases of milk sickness in 

 the human subject. It woidd seem that the disease in man is incurred through 

 the ingestion of infected milk, milk products, or of meat; in animals by the 

 eating of infected pasturage or by drinking infected water, the contamination 

 of these being from the soil in which the bacterium has its abode. By means 

 of pure cultures the authors succeeded in reproducing the essential features 

 of the naturally acquired disease in 3'Oung rabbits, dogs, calves, and one horse. 

 Cats and lambs have been infected with the production of pathological lesions, 

 but without any well-defined clinical symptoms. 



The cause of trembles and milk sickness, E. L. Moselky {Med. Itee., 

 [N. y.], 7 J {1909), No. 20, pp. S39-S.',.'i). — The author considers trembles and 

 milk' sickness to be due to aluminum phosphate. In Ohio and Illinois animals 

 get this substance by eating white snakeroot, in New Mexico by eating the ray- 

 less goldenrod. 



