160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



cousiders the pliylogeiiy ami uiorpLKtlugy. in part 2 tbe classificatiou. iii part .J 

 the effect upon couifers, in part 4 the biology, and iu part 5 the economic im- 

 portance and methods of combating these insects. A biblioi^raphic list of US 

 titles is appended. 



British oak galls, E. T. Connold {London, 1908, VP- XVIII +169, pis. 6S, 

 figs. 17). — Iu this work the author presents chapters on the principles of oak 

 gall formation, oak gall growth, numerical aspects of oak galls, Cynipidse 

 affecting the oak, the British oak, hints on collecting and mounting oak galls, 

 etc. Fifty-four galls formed by Cynipids are considered, the author taking 

 up under each the English name, position, manner of growth, colors, size, 

 time of year to be sought, place of pupation of the larvae, time of emergence 

 of the adults, parasites and inquilines. Numerous photographic illustrations 

 are given of the various galls. 



Gum-tree blight and the natural enemy, T. W. Kirk iNeio Zeal. Dcpt. Agi: 

 Ann. Rpt., 16 {1908), i)p. 111-122, pis. 7, figs. 2). — This insect {Eriococcus 

 coriaceus), which became established in New Zealand about 1900, has spread 

 rapidly and proved much more destructive than in Australia. Several species 

 of lady beetles were introduced from Australia and Auckland, but only Rhizo- 

 Mus ventralis appeared to thrive under the changed conditions. This species, 

 however, is said to have succeeded in greatly reducing the numbers of the 

 pest. 



Abstract of a preliminary report on insects affecting' live stock in Hawaii, 

 D. L. Van Dine and V. A. Norgaard {Reprint from Proc. Hawaii. Live Stock 

 Breeders' Assoc., 5 {1907), pp. 19-70, pi. 1, dgm. 1). — This report is a con- 

 sideration of the insects injurious to live stock in Hawaii and a summary of 

 the preliminary investigations made by the authors, in cooperation with the 

 Bureau of Entomology of this Department. 



The insects affecting live stock in Hawaii are said to be second iu economic 

 importance only to those injurious to sugar cane. The two principal pests 

 discussed are the horn fly and the sheep maggot fly, either of which causes 

 a greater direct loss to the live stock industry of the Territory than all of 

 those remaining. The authors estimate the losses, direct and indirect, due to 

 these pests, to have aggregated between $60,000 and $75,000 during 1907. 



The horn fly was introduced into Hawaii in shipments of cattle from the 

 western coast of this country to the Island of Oahu during 1S97, and in the 

 following j-ear spread to all the other islands. Preventive and curative measures 

 considered at some length include the introduction of parasites and birds, 

 destruction by spraying and trapping, and destruction of larvie in the dung. 

 The warble fly {Hypoderma hovis) and the heel fly {H. lincata) are said to 

 have been carried to Hawaii on imported cattle, but neither seem to have become 

 established. 



A few cases of screw-worm fly infestation have been reported, but it seems 

 to have been supplanted by a new species known as the Hawaiian sheep maggot 

 fly {CalUphora dux), which has worked great havoc among the sheep and 

 lambs on the various islands of the group. It is said that no reference can be 

 found in the litei-ature of animal parasites where a practically obscure species 

 supposedly infesting only dead animal tissues has so suddenly adapted itself to 

 living animals with such serious results. When the eggs are deposited on wool 

 the resulting maggots appear within 24 hours and work down through the wool 

 to the body. They do not attempt to penetrate the unbroken skin as do the 

 screw-worm maggots but work in a constantly moving intermingled mass caus- 

 ing irritation, which brings about inflammation, suppuration, and ulceration on 

 the products of which the larvae feed. When the skin is completely destroyed 

 the maggots penetrate with ease iu all directions under the skin forming i)ockets, 



