ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 455 



The codling moth in the Ozarks, E. L. Jenne (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 

 Bill. SO, pt. 1, pp. 32, figs. 8). — This is a detailed account of biological studies 

 conducted by the author at Siloam Springs, Ark., largely during 1908. 



Three generations of larv:e are said to occur in the Ozarks of northern 

 Arkansas, and most of the members of the second generation develop into 

 adults. Wintering larva* began to pupate late in P^ebruary or early in March, 

 and the last individual on May 20, but 70 per cent of the larvte had pupated 

 by April 21. The tirst moth was observed on March 31, about the date of the 

 full bloom of apitle trees, and the majority of the spring pupfe had given out 

 adults by May 27. The last adult observed did not emerge till June 8. The 

 spring pupal period out of doors ranged from 31 days for a larva which 

 pupated April 2 to 8 days for several individuals which pupated between May 

 8 and 13. 



Records of 28 spring brood moths emerging from April 13 to 23 and confined 

 in a Itiley rearing cage out of doors showed an average life of 10.5 days. 

 Another lot of 3."> moths that emerged April 25 to May 4 gave an average life 

 of 0.1 days. The moths were able to deposit fertile eggs in 3 to 5 days after 

 emergence. Eggs collected in the field began to hatch April 27, indicating that 

 oviposition had commenced as early as April 7, at the time when apple blossoms 

 had nearly all fallen. The last unhatched eggs in the first brood were found 

 May 27, while in 1907 the last were obtained June 2. Of 67 eggs collected in an 

 orchard April 27, 53 occurred on the upperside of the leaves, 13 on the back of 

 the leaves, and 1 on a twig. Some of the eggs were a considerable distance 

 from any fruit, but as a rule the moths seemed to have selected the fruit 

 cluster. The first eggs contained in cages were deposited the night of April 10. 

 These were subjected to very cool weather, including frost, and gave a maxi- 

 mum period of 21 days, or an average of 10.6 days. Eggs deposited May 8 

 hatched in 8i days, and a lot laid May 10 hatched in li days. The minimum 

 period recorded was 5 days. It is considered that the date of the earliest 

 hatching of larvre can be put fairly accurately at about April 27 or 3 weeks 

 after the petals had fallen. 



The first cocoon was found May 27. Larvfe placed on bagged fruit May 4 

 reached maturity and left the fruit ^Nlay 26 to 20, after an average life in the 

 apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. The 

 period from the leaving of the fruit to pupation varied from 3 to 10 days. 

 The first brood of larvre began to pupate May .27, just a week after the last 

 stragglers of the wintering larvae under observation had pupated. Of 42 first- 

 brood pupje observed the average duration of the stage was 10.7 days, ranging 

 from to 13 days. The total period from the time the larvsne left the fruit 

 until the adult issued averaged 17.8 days, with a range from 13 to 21 days. 

 The earliest first-brood moth emerged June 8, on which date the last belated 

 moth of the spring brood also issued. Sixteen of the earliest moths caged 

 June 8 to 15 showed an average life of 6.2 days. Oviposition began 5 days after 

 the first moth was caged. The interval between the emergence of the first 

 adult of the wintering brood and the earliest first-brood moth was 69 days. 



The earliest of the first brood of moths began depositing eggs on the night of 

 June 13. All eggs of this brood required a nearly uniform period of 5 days for 

 incubation. The band record indicated that the second-brood larvte began to 

 leave the fruit l>y July 15. Larvte transferred to bagged fruit June 25 reached 

 maturity and left the fruit in from 21 to 31 days, the average being 24.6 days. 

 The period in the fruit ke])t in the laboratory in 1007 was frcmi 15 to 22 days, 

 with an average of is.l days. Of 75 larvie maturing from July 12 to September 



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