456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, 



1 tlie time between leaving the fruit and pupation, in yials out of doors varied 

 from 3 to 21 days, with an average of 11.86 days. 



Of 78 second-brood pupa?, from larvfe maturing after July 12 and until Sep- 

 tember 1, the longest pupating stage was 17 days, the shortest 8 days, with an 

 average of 10.5 days. JSIoths of a second brood were obtained July 25 from 

 reared material. The last moth to emerge out of doors appeared October 1. 

 Ovipositiou in a cage began on August 5 by moths the first of which emerged July 

 30. The interval between the emergence of the earliest first-brood moth on June 

 8 and the earliest of the second-brood on July 25 gives a period of 47 days for the 

 life cycle. 



In cages third-brood eggs were first secured August 5. All second-brood and 

 third-brood eggs laid before August 28 hatched in 5 days. In cages the first 

 hatching with third-brood larvse was on August 14, from which time they con- 

 tinued to hatch in numbers up to September 20, the last hatching on October 15. 

 Forty-one third-brood larvre hatching August 14 and reared in picked fruit in 

 jars out of doors required from 19 to 32 days to become full grown, the average 

 being slightly over 24 days. After September 1 all larvae appearing under bauds 

 were of the wintering brood. 



Several adults were bred from larvae in peaches. 



Recoi'ds show that not more than one larva is likely to reach maturity in a 

 single fruit at the same time. The normal number of molts Is apparently 6, 

 though 3 of 12 larvae carried to maturity molted 7 times. 



A mite {Trombidium sp.) which destroys eggs and young larvae was found to 

 be fairly common on apple and other trees. Solenopsis validiusculus and Cre- 

 mastogaster ft/co/or were frequently found attacking live larvae under bands, and 

 Pimpla annulipes was frequently reared from band-collected material. Two 

 specimens of a small tachina fly (Tachitiophyto sp.) were reared in 1907. 



It is said that a smaller percentage of fruit is infested by the codling moth in 

 the locality where the investigations were conducted than in many places where 

 only 2 generations are developed. In 1907, counts from 8 unsprayed trees (4 

 Ben Davis and 4 Winesap) showed a percentage of wormy fruit varying from 

 48.1 to 64.1, the average on the Winesaps being 50.7 and on the Ben Davis 60.4. 



A summary of the seasonal history of the Insect for 1908 as detailed is shown 

 diagi'ammatically. 



Life history of the codling moth in Virginia, J. E. Buck {Virginia Sta. 

 Rpt. 1908, pp. 54-89, figs. 22, dgm. 1). — This contains both life history studies 

 and records of spraying operations for the year, being a more detailed account 

 than that previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 158), particularly as relating to the 

 life history and bionomics of the pest. 



It is stated that data collected during the summer of 1908 show that from 20 

 to 70 per cent, or an average of 43 per cent, of the entire apple crop of Virginia 

 was affected by codling-moth larvae and that 75 per cent of these affected 

 iipples, on some varieties, fall before picking time. Counts of over 400 cocoons 

 observed on apple trees revealed the fact that birds had destroyed fully 85 per 

 cent of the worms. 



The first pupa observed in the locality of Blacksburg was on March 28, and 

 observations in the field showed that all larvae had pupated by April 28. It 

 appears that the earlier pupae of the wintering larvae remain about 1 month in 

 the pupal stage before the moths emerge. The first moth from cocoons taken 

 in the vicinity appeareil on April 26. Eggs from the first moths to emerge were 

 obtained May 25. 



The first larvae entering apples were found June 2. Counts of 1,000 apples 

 showed that 71 per cent of the larvae of the spring brood entered the apples at 



