ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 457 



the calyx cavity, 8 per cent at the stem, and 21 per cent at the side. The 

 larvae stay in the apples from 20 to 30 days. 



The emergence of the moths of the second brood at Blacksburg was from 

 July 4 to August 28. The incubation period of the eggs in July was 7 days, 

 during which period the average daily temperature was 69.8°. It is concluded 

 that fully 00 per cent of the second brootl of larvie enter the side of the apple. 



A small ant (Solenoihsis tenuis) was found to be very active in destroying 

 the larvip. 



Apple enemies and how to fight them, W. M. Munson (West Virginia Sta. 

 Bui.' 121, pp. 357^66). — A brief account of the insect pests and fungus diseases 

 of the apple, with formulas for spraying mixtures and directions for their 

 application. 



Combating- the Eudemis, J. Feytaud (Rev. Vit, 31 (1909), Nos. 789, pp. 

 92-97; 790, pp. 124-129; 791, i)p. 149-151; 792, pp. 184-188; 793, pp. 208-210).— 

 During 1908 Eudemis hotrana is said to have been the source of great injury 

 to grai)es in the Gironde and neighboring departments. The author here reports 

 experiments made during the year with liquid insecticides. 



The grape-cane gall maker and the grape-cane girdler, F. E, Bbooks ( West 

 Virginia Sta. Bui. 119, pp. 321-339, pis. 5). — The grape-cane gall maker (Am- 

 pcloglijpter sesostris) which has previously been reported to be the source of 

 injury in Ohio (E, S. R., 12, p. 662) is here reported to be the source of similar 

 injury to vines in West Virginia. The beetles begin to appear on the vines in 

 May and are present for several weeks. The eggs are deposited in the young 

 canes just above the joints and beyond the last or outer bunch of fruit. The 

 swelling of the cane at the point of injury commences soon after the wound is 

 made, but the gall does not reach full size until 6 or 8 weeks later. The presence 

 of the galls appears to have but little effect on the growth and vigor of the 

 cane, although occasionally one will be broken ofC by the wind or the weight 

 of the leaves. Observations made of the process of oviposition are described. 

 It is estimated that ordinarily but 2 eggs are deposited in a day and that but 

 25 to 40 eggs are deposited by an individual. The eggs hatch in from 7 to 10 

 days. The larvae feed first in the mutilated wood about the egg chamber and 

 later work their way along the heart of the cane either above or below the 

 gall. A high percentage of the larvae were found to be parasitized. Out of 45 

 galls examined July 10, 24 contained larvae or pupae of parasites which had 

 killed the gall maker. The more common parasite was determined to be a 

 species of Eurytoma. 



The grape-cane girdler (A. ater), which in the past has confined its attack 

 chiefly to the Virginia creeper, has attracted attention in West Virginia as an 

 enemy of the grape. The beetles appear on the vine in the spring just before 

 the blossoming season. The eggs were first found by the author on May 13 

 and the last on June 10. The wound which the beetle makes in ovipositing 

 causes the tip and terminal leaves on the young cane to drop over and die and 

 shortly afterward to fall from the vine. The egg is not carried to the ground 

 with the prunings when they fall, but remains in the vine, and the larva which 

 develops therefrom feeds in the heart of the stump from which the leaves and 

 tip were removed. The incubation period for eggs deposited on May 19 was 10 

 days. The larva feeds in the heart of the cane, eating out a burrow that extends 

 only between the two joints on either side of the place where the egg is laid. 

 The length of the larval stage is about 34 days. The cane in which the larva 

 feeds dies back to the first joint below the egg chamber and drops from the 

 vine about 6 or 8 weeks after the eggs are deposited. The larva changes to a 

 pupa soon after the dead section of the cane drops. When the larva is ready 



