SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 



713 



Suggested standanls for interpretation of results of sanitary analysis of Illinois 



waters. 



Lake 

 Michigan.o 



Turbidity 



Color 



Odor 



Residue on evaporation 



Chlorin 



Oxvgen consumed 



Nitrogen as — 



Free ammonia 



Albuminoid ammonia 



Nitrites 



Nitrates 



Alkalinity 



Bacteria per cubic centimeter 



Colon bacillus in 1 cubic centimeter. 



None. 

 None. 

 None. 

 130 



5.5 



l.C 



.000 

 .080 

 .000 

 .000 



500 

 Absent. 



Streams. & 



10.0 

 .2 

 None. 

 300 

 6 

 5 



.050 



.150 



.000 



.500 



200 



500 



Absent. 



Springs 

 and shal- 

 low wells. 



c None, 

 c None. 



None. 

 500 



16 

 2 



.020 



.050 



.000 



2. 000 



300 



500 



Absent. 



Deep drift 

 wells. 



c None. 

 cNone. 

 None. 

 500 

 15 

 d2-5 



.02-3 

 .200 

 .005 

 .500 



300 



100 



Absent. 



Deep rock 

 wells. 



c None. 



c None. 

 None. 



500 

 5-100 

 d2-5 



.02-3 

 .150 

 .000 

 .500 



300 



100 



Absent. 



« Analyses of water 10 miles from shore of Lake Michigan. " This standard of purity is 

 seldom found in the unfiltered water, as all streams are more or less polluted. '^ None when 

 drawn from wells. They may become turbid and develop color on standing. " Varies as 

 the waters contain -ferrous salts. 



The economic value of protecting the water supplies, H. B. Wood {Jour. 

 Amer. Med. Assoc, 53 (l909), No. Uf, pp. 1093-1098} .—The economic loss in 

 human life and health and in the destruction of fish as a result of pollution 

 of water supplies by sewage and factory waste is briefly discussed. Figures 

 are also given showing the reduction in typhoid mortality as a result of the 

 establishmentr of improved sewerage and water filtration worlds in Boston, 

 Lawrence, London, Berlin, Breslau, and Munich, and in 13 Massachusetts 

 cities (average). 



Private sewerage ( T'fl. Health Bui., 1 {1909), No. 10, pp. 286-288, figs. 2).— 

 This article describes briefly simple systems of sewage disposal adapted to 

 small cottages and larger houses. The principal features of these systems 

 are a septic tank connected with an anaerobic filter and a flush tank with 

 siphon. The simpler plant described " can be made from materials easily pro- 

 cured and can be installed by any practical man." 



SOILS— FERTILIZERS. 



A study of the reactions between the manurial salts and clays, mucks 

 and soils, F. W. Morse and B. E. Curry {New Hampshire Stu. Rpts. 1907-8, 

 pp. 271-293, figs. -)).— A series of studies is reported, the results of which are 

 summarized as follows : 



" The water extracts of most soils, drainage, pond and lake waters, are alka- 

 line when boiled. 



" Clays and clay soils extracted with water yield alkaline solutions when 

 free from carbon dioxid. 



" Most clay, clay soils and muck, and some other soils yield acid solutions 

 when extracted with salt solutions. 



"Clays and soils react witb potassium, sodium and ammonia in equivalent 

 quantities when these bases are present as salts. Calcium, magnesium, iron 

 and aluminum constitute the largest amount of reacting bases. With ammo- 

 nium nitrate the base is removed more rapidly and free nitric acid is left in 

 .sf)lution. 



"The amount of iron and aluminum in solution is eipiivalent to the acid 



contciil of those solutions. 



