758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 



kuwanw) from China and Japan and 2 cbalcidoids, Archenomus orientalis from 

 Japan and ProspaUcUa diospidicola from South Africa are described as new. 



The possibility and danger of the introduction of the San Jose scale into 

 Great Britain, W. E. Collinge (Proc. Assoc. Econ. Biol., 1 {1908), 'No. 4, pp. 

 J71-17S). — The author considers the danger of the introduction of this scale 

 into Great Britain to be very great and rigid measures necessary. 



Codling moth investigations, E. D. Sanderson et al. (New Hampshire Sta. 

 Rpls. J 907-8, pp. 396-1,98, pis. 5, figs. 23; a6s. in Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), 

 No. 1/, pp. 309-311). — This report is based upon investigations conducted in New 

 Hampshire during the 4 years from 1905 to 1908, a popular account of the 

 first 2 years of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 56). 



Studies were made in May, 1907, in a badly infested orchard to determine 

 the position of cocoons on the trees. Out of 385 cocoons found on 7 trees, 70 

 per cent were on the trunk and the remainder on the main branches. Of 

 those on the trunlv 97 were within 1 ft. of the crotch, 112 were within 1 ft. of 

 the ground, and 60 were between on the middle portion of the trunk. In 

 counts of larvse collected from bands on 9 unsprayed trees the same season, it 

 was found that out of 640 larvae, 58 per cent were from the lower bands where 

 1 band was placed just below the crotch and another just above the ground. 



Records kept of the condition of the larva in each cocoon and of the apparent 

 cause of mortality showed 94 per cent to have been killed, 87 per cent by birds, 

 4 per cent by fungi, and 3 per cent by cold. In another badly infested orchard, 

 1,090 cocoons ^'ere examined during the same month. Of these, 66 per cent 

 had been killed by birds, 6 per cent by fungi, and 9 per cent by cold. From 

 these figures it is evident that birds are the most important natural enemies 

 of this pest in New England. 



The average date for pupation during 1906, 1907, and 1908 varied from May 

 25, 1906, to June 16, 1907. The average length of the pupal stage for the 3 

 years was 20. 16, and 19 days; the majority of the adults appeared June 14, 

 July 2, and June 20, respectively. It was found that the pupal period, while 

 decreasing between May 25 and June 15 from 18 to 15 days, required a total 

 normal temperature (degrees above 32° F.) of 470 to 480°, which is practically 

 a thei-mal constant. It is concluded that other factors than temperature con- 

 trol the time of pupation and emergence. 



While the average length of life of moths which fail to oviposit or deposit 

 but a few eggs, appears to be about 4 days, 6 moths, which laid many eggs 

 and lived under normal conditions, survived from 5 to 28 days, averaging 13 

 days. From 60 to 75 eggs are laid and often 100 or more. They appear to be 

 deposited promiscuously over the foliage, twigs, and fruit, the majority being 

 placed upon the leaves. A careful study of records for 3 seasons fails to show 

 that the distance of the nearest egg bears any relation to the worminess of 

 the api)le. Eggs deposited in June hatched in from 6 to 10 days, while eggs 

 deposited July 2 hatched in 5 days. Since there is a considerable variation 

 in the incubation period at but slightly different temperatures, the author 

 concludes that the eggs are probably deposited at different stages of embryonic 

 development. 



Repeated laboratory and field observations have shown that upon hatching 

 out the larvae first feed upon the foliage, mining into the leaf at the angles 

 of the midrib and branch veins, and gnawing the softer portions of the surface, 

 more often on the under surface. As in breeding cages larvae matured on 

 foliage alone, the author considers it highly probable that they do so in the 

 orchard. Nine orchards in which the records were kept on unsprayed trees 

 show a variation of from 39 to 77 per cent of the first brood entering the calyx, 

 with an average of 65 per cent, while of the second brood from 22 to 79 per 



