ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 759 



cent entered the calyx, avei'aging 4(5 per cent. The ohservations recorded 

 indicate tluit from 25 to 30 days are usually spent in the apple. It is concluded 

 from band records that not over 3 per cent of the larv;e maturing in a season 

 transform to a second brood of moths and probably not over 1 or 2 per cent. 



A detailed account is given of spraying experiments conducted in different 

 orchards during 190G, 1907, and 1908. The importance of using large plats and 

 numerous trees in codling moth experiments is emphasized. Experiments based 

 upon individual trees scattered through an orchard are deemed of little vporth in 

 determining the value of spraying, due to the influx of moths from surrounding 

 trees. A detailed account of the methods followed in recording and tabulating 

 results is accompanied by orchard diagrams. 



Two lbs. of arsenate of lead per barrel was found to be practically the equiva- 

 lent of 3 lb. of Paris green in effectiveness. Attempts to determine the effect of 

 poisoning the calyx cavity only, in which the arsenical was applied with an 

 atomizer, did not give definite results. Neither were definite results obtained in 

 the attempts to determine the effect of spraying the foliage only, the fruit being 

 protected by bags. On the basis of the large amount of data obtained, the 

 author concludes that the drenching spray has no particular advantage over the 

 mist spray, except as it may deposit more material on the foliage and apples. 

 In the West the calyx cavity is still open 2 weeks after blossoming, by which 

 time the stamen bars have shriveled. This, however, is not the case with the 

 Baldwin apple, as it grows in the East, the calyx closing in a week or at the 

 most 10 days after the blossoms drop, the stamens still remaining turgid, thus 

 preventing the spray from reaching the inner calyx cup. 



The records indicate that a second spray applied 1 to 2 weeks after the first 

 is of less value than the third and in many cases is of little value when the first 

 and third are applied. An analysis of the Infiuence of the third spray (applied 

 3 or 4 weeks after the petals drop) shows that of the total benefit 33 per cent 

 is due to the effect on the second brood, 18 per cent on the calyx wormy, and 19 

 per cent on the side wormy, first brood. The author concludes that when the 

 foliage and calices are thoroughly sprayed the number killed in the calyx and 

 by feeding on the foliage or surface of the apple will be about equal. The 

 details of the effect of spraying on the amount of worminess of dropped and 

 picked fruit are presented in tabular form and graphically illustrated by text 

 figures. 



The antlered maple caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta), C. F. Jackson 

 (New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 51.'f-531, pis. 9, figs. 3). — This insect, 

 which has previously been noted as a source of great injury in Maine during 

 1907 and 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 1054), is said to have completely defoliated large 

 tracts of woodlands in New Hampshire during 1908. 



The life history and habits are discussed and technical descriptions are given 

 of its stages. Calosoma calidum was quite plentiful in different parts of the 

 State, but vs^as outnumbered by Podistis placidus, which was observed in Infested 

 sections sucking juices from the larvse. A scarcity of all kinds of birds is 

 thought to be an important factor in the outbreak. Many of the larvfe were 

 found diseased but no large proportion were thus destroyed. At present there 

 appears to have been no way of eliminating this pest from the vast foi'est areas 

 which have become infested. 



A bibliographical list is given and a map showing the distribution of the pest 

 in the State in 1908 is appended. 



Cecropia peltata and its relation to Azteca alfari, Atta sexdens and other 

 insects, with a note on the ant thorns of Acacia cavenia, K. FiKnuiu (liiol. 

 Centhl.. 29 (1909), Nos. J, pp. 1-16; .1, pp. 33-55; 3, pp. 65-77, pis. 5; ahs. in 

 Nature [London], 81 {1909), No. 2070, p. 23).— The author has investigated In 



