ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 347 



" (2) Greater cleanliness about stables, markets, grocery .stores, warehouses, 

 courts, alleys, and vacant lots in cities and villajies, and like care on farms and 

 suburban premises. This includes the storage of waste and garbage in tightly 

 covered vessels and the prompt disposal of it each day. 



" (3) Care in the construction of buildings and drains so as not to iirovide 

 entrance and retreats for rats, and (he permanent closing of all rat holes in old 

 houses and cellars. 



" (4) The early thrashing and marketing of grains on farms, so that stacks 

 find mows shall not furnish harborage and food for rats. 



'' (f>) Removal of outlying straw stacks and jiiles of trash or lumber that 

 harbor rats in the tields. 



" (G) Rat-prooting of warehouses, markets, cribs, stables, and granaries for 

 storage of provisions, seed grain, and feedstuffs. 



" (7) Keeping effective rat dogs, esi)ecially in city warehouses. 



" (S) The systematic destructicm of rats, whenever and wherever possible, by 

 (a) trapping, (h) poisoning, and (r-) organized hunts. 



" (I)) The organization of 'rat clubs' and other societies for systematic war- 

 fare against rats." 



Key to animals on which wolf and coyote bounties are often paid, Y. Bai- 

 ley (U. iS'. Dci)t. Afjr., liur. Biol, t^iirrri/ Circ. 69, piK 3, dgiii. 1). — The author 

 calls attention to the fact that the bounty system has everywhere proved an 

 incentive to fraud and that thousands of dollars are wasted annually in paying 

 bounties on coyote scalps offered in place of wolves, and on the scalps of dogs, 

 foxes, coons, badgers, and even cats, which are palmed off for wolves and 

 coyotes. 



" If in all States having the bounty system whole skins, including nose, 

 ears, feet, and tail of both adult and young animals, were required as valid 

 evidence for bounty i)ayments. the i)ossibility of deception would be reduced 

 to a minimum. The common practice of paying bounty on scalps alone, or in 

 some cases merely the ears, is dangerous, as even an expert can not always 

 positively identify such fragments. A satisfactory way of marking skins on 

 which the bounty has been iiaid is by a slit 4 to (J in. long between the ears. 

 This does not injure the skins for subsequent use. If all bounty-paying States 

 would adopt such a system, the possibility of collecting more than one bounty 

 on the same skin in different States would be avoided." 



Keys are given as an aid to county and State officers in identifying scalps, 

 skins, and skulls of wolves and coyotes, the pups of wolves, coyotes, red. gray, 

 and kit foxes, and young bobcats, coons, and badgers. A diagram showing the 

 relative size of nose pads, heel pads of front feet, and diameter at base of upper 

 canine teeth of wolves and coyotes is also included. 



The blue foxes of the Pribilof Islands, J. Judgk {Ahs. Science, n. ser., 29 

 {I'M)',)), .Vo. 7'.'/.J, pp. 598. 599). — This is an abstract of a paper presented before 

 the Biological Society of Washington, in which the author discussed the life 

 history and habits of the blue foxes of the Pribilof Islands. Methods used in 

 trapping, artificial feeding, etc.. are considered. 



Proceeding-s of the twenty-first annual meeting of the American Asso- 

 ciation of Economic Entomologists (Jour. Econ. Eat., 2 {1909), No. 2, pp. 

 89-174, pis. 2). — This is a continuation of the report of the proceedings pre- 

 viously notetl (E. S. R., 1, p. 55). 



J. G. Sanders in a paper entitled. Notes on Insect Photography and Photo- 

 microgi-aphy (pp. 89-95) considers the methods and details necessary for the 

 best results, and R. A. Cooley discusses Photcmiicrography of the Diaspina^ 

 (pp. 95-99). The importance of proper methods in entomological iuvostigatious 

 Is emphasized iu a paper by F. M. Webster (pp. 99-108). 



