ECOiSIOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 51 



Ai)i)les affec-ted by this iujiuy do uot keep well, and, after liaviuy been kept in 

 cold storage, if the fruit is exjiosed to the air the affected parts soon become 

 mealy and decay sets in. 



Upon the leaves the injury is first shuwn Ijy the appearance of l)ro\vn spots of 

 Aarious shapes and sixes. (^)uickly follo\Yiug this the leaf tissues turn yellow 

 and the leaves fall. When the injury is only slight the yellowing may not 

 ai>pear nor the leaves drop. 



It was found in the investigations that Bordeaux mixture has a particularly 

 jiarmful effct-t in destroying the tissues of the apple blossom. 



Injuries from arsenites, frost, fungi, mites, and the action of drops of water 

 (in foliage are somewhat similar to the injury caused by Piordeaux mixture and 

 are frequently confu.sed with it. 



The experimenfs carried nn at the station show conclusively tliat tlie I'.(ir- 

 deaux mixture on the fruit and foliage caused the trouble described above. The 

 toxic substance seems to pass through the stomata and the basal cells of the 

 plant hairs into the cellular tissue of the fruit, the black specks characterizing the 

 lirst stage of the Bordeaux russeting being usually formed about a stoma. Xo 

 conclusion could be reached as to how the toxic ingredient finds its way into the 

 cellular tissues of the leaves, but since the dead spots are nearly always under 

 heavy Bordeaux mixture stains it is believed that the dissolved salts enter 

 osmotically into the cells of the leaf surface. 



Different varieties of apples were found to vary in respect to the injury \)y 

 Bordeaux mixture, and immunity to injury by Bordeaux mixture does not cor- 

 respond with immunity to the apple scab fungus. Early spraying and wet 

 weather favor the development of this injury, and in experiments in which the 

 ([uantities of copper sulphate and lime were varied it was found that the more the 

 copper sulphate the greater the injury, althotigh an excess of lime did not inv- 

 veut or greatly lessen the injury. It is recommended that in practice less copper 

 sulphate should be used and spraying should be done in moderation, so as not 

 to have the trees drip heavily. So far as possible the Bordeaux mixture should 

 be applied only in dry weather, and equal amounts of lime and copper sulphate 

 should be used. The author calls attention to varieties which are nearl\ 

 immune to attacks of the scab fungus and upon these light applications of 

 liordeaux mixture should be made in average seasons. 



A bildiography of the sultject completes the bulletin. 



Cause and control of Bordeaux injury, F, H. Hall and U. P. Hedkick 

 (Xcir Yvrik ^tute ^tu. Bill. .^87. poi)iil(ir c<L, iip. 16, pJx. 2). — A popular edition of 

 the above. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



statistics of hunting licenses, T. S. Palmer {U. .S'. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Biol, 

 siirrcn a re. •* '/. pp. .."/. fifjs. 2). — From an examination of the statistics regard- 

 ing hunting licenses it appears that in 1905. 10,000 nonresident and oll.OOO 

 resident licenses were issued to htinters in the United States and Canada and 

 lliat the income from these licenses was more than .^pOOo.CMJO. It is believed that 

 a system of license fees is the only method of putting game protection upon an 

 indeitendent and self-sustaining basis. Notes are given on the changes in fees, 

 statistics of resident and nonresident licenses, number of licensed hunters in the 

 Pnited Stales, cost of collection, and restrictions on the use of license funds. 



Directions for the desti'uction of wolves and coyotes, V. Bailey (f^ ^'. 

 Drill. A (jr.. Bur. Biol. ,Siirrey Circ. 5'i. jt/i. 6). — This is a condensed form of 

 information already noted from anothei' source ( E. S. R., 18. p. 74!)). 



Carbon disulphid as a squirrel killer. L. F. Henderson (Idaho Stu. Preax 

 Bui. 11. II. .srr.. pp. J ).- -Experiments to determine whether a large or small 



