DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 175 



leucocytes in milk are briefly described, witb iiarticulnr reference to their com- 

 panitive accuracy and value. 



According to the method proposed by Stewart a diseased condition of the 

 udder was suspected if the milk showed more than 100,000 leucocytes per cubic 

 centimeter. A comparison of the Stewart and Doane-Buekley methods showed 

 that the latter method invariably causes much higher counts. Thus in OC de- 

 terminations according to the Stewart method in market milk, 9 samples showed 

 no leucocytes and the highest number was GO.'.XiO per taibic centimeter with an 

 average of 5.45!) for all samples. A direct comparison of the Stewart and 

 Doane-Buckley methods during which 60 determinations were made in samples 

 of market milk, showed an average according to the latter method more than 15 

 times as large as by the Stewart method. In one set of comparative tests the 

 average number of leucocytes per cubic centimeter by the Stewart method was 

 5,010 on the first count and 4,800 on the second count, while from the same 

 samples of milk the average count obtained by the Doane-Buckley method was 

 25.820. 



A series of determinations were made by means of the Doane-Buckley method 

 on samples of the milk of individual healthy cows during which an average 

 count of 49,000 i)er cubic centimeter was obtained. When repeated counts were 

 made from a given sample of milk the results obtained by the Doane-Buckley 

 method were much more reliable than those yielded by the Stewart method. 



The Doane-Bucklej' method was applied to an examination of mixed milk 

 from dairies and individual cows in those dairies showing diseased udders. It 

 was found that the milk from the diseased cows had no recognizable effect upon 

 the leucocyte count of the mixed milk since most of the composite counts would 

 be regarded as entirely normal, and the highest count obtained in one dairy was 

 191,000 per cubic centimeter. In another dairy one cow showed a count of 

 4,800,000 leucocytes per cubic centimeter, while the mixed milk of the same dairy 

 showed only 19,000 per cubic centimeter. The author concludes that " it is 

 not possible to detect udder disease in cows by the examination of a mixed 

 milk for number of leucocytes alone." It is also held that the presence of 

 streptococci in milk can not be considered as a proof of mammitis and that the 

 microscopic examination of milk for staphylococci is of doubtful value. 



Emulsions, R. Lez£ (Rev. Gen. Lait, 6 {1907), No. 10, pp. 217-224).— This 

 is a discussion of the theory of emulsions with special reference to dairy 

 products. 



Investigations on milk serum, F. Landolf (BiocJiem. Ztschr., 4 (1907), 

 Xo. 2-3, pp. 172-195). — From the results of earlier investigations and of those 

 reported in this article the author is inclined to believe that lactose exists in 

 milk in combination with both nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous substances 

 rather than in a free condition. The preparations obtained by the author show 

 great variations as regai'ds polarization, reduction of Fehling's solution, and 

 fermentation with yeast. 



Bacteriological examinations of milk powder, G. Grosso (Ztschr. Fleisch 

 II. Milchhjifi., 17 (1907), No. 9, pp. 312-315). — From samples of milk powder 

 prepared by the Just-Hatmaker process the author isolated the following naicro- 

 organisms : Bacillus 'brevis, B. subtilis, B. amariflcans, B. siibbutyrictis, Micro- 

 coccus variuns, M. corrugatus. and M. rhurncus. 



The composition of Irish butter during the winter months, .1. H. Ball 

 (Analyst, 32 (1907), No. 375, pp. 202-208, figs. 3).— Thirty-nine samples of 

 butter made near Limerick from October 6, 1906, to March 26, 1907, showed 

 Reichert-Meissl numbers varying from 21.9 to 30.9, Polenske numbers from 1.4 

 to 2.5. refractometer numbers from 41 to 42.5, and saponification numbers from 

 220.3 to 226.9. 



