KURAL ECONOMICS. 189 



iii.sr grain in the international eongresses of agriculture, by G. del Vecchio ; the 

 international agricultural union and the project of Professor lUihland, by the 

 same writer ; notes on the agricultural statistics of England and the United 

 States, by C. Dragon! ; and the agricultural migratory tendencies between 

 various countries, and the grouping of emigrants, by A. Bosco di Ruffino. 



The volume as a whole furnishes detailed information regarding the organi- 

 zation of agriculture in the countries mentioned. 



Agricultural cooperatioii in Austria-Hungary, U. Paluani {BoI. Qiiind. 

 tS'or. Ai/r. Ital., J 2 (1907), No. 9, pp. 351-337). — The author discusses the develop- 

 ment of agricultural cooperation in Austria and Hungary from 1880 to 190(5, 

 with particular reference to the Raiffeisen agricultural credit banks, cooperative 

 dairies, grain associations, and societies for the marketing of eggs, though 

 numerous other forms of cooperation are mentioned. 



Statistics show that there were in Austria in 1905, 4,300 cooperative credit 

 banks, with deposits aggregating 310,000,000 crowns, while in Hungary in 1900 

 the number was 1,814, with 453.929 members and a capital of about 18,000,000 

 crowns. At the close of 1904 the cooperative dairies in Hungary numbered 584 

 with about 50,000 members, and the number of egg societies was 204 at the close 

 of 19(10. In no country in the world, it is stiid, is agricultural cooperation so 

 completely developed, so systematically organized, and so accurately classified 

 as in Austria-Hungary. 



Danish cooperative associations for producing and marketing agricul- 

 tural products, T. Brinkmann (FiUilitxfs Laiidic. Zt<j., 56 {1907), Mo. 8, pp. 

 255-2i3). — Statistical data with discussion relating to the development <;f 

 cooperative associations for the i)roduction and sale of milk, eggs, and meat. 

 The figures indicate a gradual increase in the numl^er of associations, member- 

 ship, and extension of trade from 1900 to 190(5. The present success of Danish 

 agriculture and the improvement in the quantity and quality of the products 

 are attributed in great measure to the operation of cooperative societies. 



Agricultural organization in Natal (Xata'l Agr. Jour, and Miii. Rcc, 10 

 (1907), No. 5, pp. 523-526). — The organization and purposes of the mealie 

 growers' union, fruit growers' union, wattle growers' association, and a coopera- 

 tive bacon factory in Natal are reported. The general objects of the associa- 

 tions are to facilitate the marketing of ])roducts, to disseminate information 

 among producers, to secure a reduction in freight rates, to supervise the inspec- 

 tion and grading of products, and to secure greater returns to producers by 

 saving the profits of middlemen. 



The real state of cooperative agricultural credit in France, Gillieron- 

 Diiioix (Chruii. A(jr. Vaiid, 20 {1907), No. 10, pp. 2o.i-20S) .—The author points 

 out in this article how the agricultural credit banks are aiding the peasant 

 classes in France, i)articularly by furnishing credit on personal security at 4 

 or 4i per cent interest. 



The i)r<)gress of the movement is shown by the following sunnnaiy: In 1900 

 there were 9 district banks, 87 local banks, 2,175 members, and 1.910,450) francs 

 advanced in loans; at the close of 1905 there were (>0 district banks, 1,;!,55 local 

 banks, 01,874 members, and 44,102,573 francs advanced in loans. The figures 

 tor the first months of 1900 also show a proportionate rate of increase. 



Report on the agricultural bank of Egypt, E. W. Kemmereb {Ann. Rpt. 

 J'liilippinc Com., 7 (1906), pt. 1, pp. 6.'i3-695). — This report describes the eco- 

 nomic conditions of the peasantry in Egypt prior to the establishment of the 

 agricultural bank in 1902, and gives an account of its organization, control, and 

 operation since that date. The author expresses his belief that it would be 

 advisidtle to establish " an agricultural I;aiik in the Philippines along lines simi- 

 lar to that of the agricultural bank of Egypt." 



